轮作下华北寒旱区作物生产的氮磷养分效果分析  

Nutrient effect analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus in crop production in coldand arid region of North China under rotation cropping

作　　者：姚兆磊 张立峰[1,2] 刘玉华 张继宗[1,2] 杜玉琼 YAO Zhaolei;ZHANG Lifeng;LIU Yuhua;ZHANG Jizong;DU Yuqiong(College of Agronomy,Agricultural University of Hebei,Baoding 071000,China;Zhangbei Agricultural Resources and Ecological Environment Key Field Research Station,Ministry of Agriculture,Zhangjiakou 076450,China)

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学农学院,保定071000 [2]农业部张北农业资源与生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站,张家口076450

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报（中英文）》2020年第5期690-700,共11页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503120);河北省重点研发计划项目(18227004D)资助。

摘　　要：明晰华北寒旱区主栽作物的氮、磷养分利用效果,能够发挥作物生态适生性与养分高效性优势,是作物充分利用区域自然-社会资源进行生产配置技术创新的理论依据。在河北省张北县砂质栗钙土农田,采用交叉式种植方法,设计了包括马铃薯、亚麻、谷子、莜麦、甜菜等5种作物的轮作试验,研究在轮作条件下华北寒旱区主栽作物的养分利用效果。结果表明,5种作物间生物产量相差1.17~2.34倍,甜菜最高(10291 kg·hm^-2),莜麦次之,亚麻最低(4393kg·hm^-2),作物间产量差异性显著;5种作物氮、磷携出量分别相差1.03~2.10倍、1.00~1.92倍,甜菜氮素携出量最高(199 kg·hm^-2),莜麦磷素携出量最高(29 kg·hm^-2),亚麻氮、磷携出量均最低(分别为95 kg·hm^-2、15 kg·hm^-2);氮、磷养分生物学效率分别在43.82~53.11 kg·kg^-1、287.60~574.88 kg·kg^-1,其中甜菜氮、磷养分生物学效率最高;5种作物氮、磷产投比变化在0.50~1.65、0.34~1.83,莜麦氮、磷产投比最高。在华北寒旱区,作物种类是引起作物产量、氮磷携出量及氮磷养分生物学效率差异的主要因素,茬口对诸性状的影响不明显。甜菜是对氮、磷吸收高效利用的高产作物,莜麦是对农田供给氮、磷高效利用的作物;马铃薯作为甜菜的前茬、甜菜作为莜麦的前茬更有利于提高作物产量。To determine the nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of main crops in the cold and arid region of North China is the theoretical basis for innovating crop configuration technologies by exploiting the advantages of crop ecological adaptations and nutrient use efficiency to achieve the full utilization of regional natural and social resources.In the sandy chestnut soil farmland of Zhangbei County,Hebei Province,a rotation experiment with five crops,including potatoes,flax,millet,oat and sugar beets,was conducted in sandy chestnut soil by crossing plots design,to study the nutrient utilization effect of main crop in cold and arid region of North China.The results showed that the difference of biomass among five crops was 1.17-2.34 times,the highest was 10290 kg·hm^-2 in beets,followed by oat,the lowest was 4393 kg·hm^-2 in flax,and the yield difference among crops was significant.The differences in uptake of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in crops was 1.03-2.10 and 1.00-1.92 times respectively,the highest uptake of total nitrogen was 199 kg·hm^-2 in beets,and the maximum uptake of total phosphorus was 29 kg·hm^-2 in oat,and the lowest uptake of total nitrogen and total phosphorus was 95 kg×hm^-2 and 15 kg·hm^-2 in flax,respectively.The use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus was 43.82-53.11 kg·kg^-1 and 287.60-574.88 kg·kg^-1,among which beet had the highest use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients.N,P input and output ratios of five crops changed between 0.50-1.65 and 0.34-1.83,the ratios of oat were the highest.In cold arid region of North China,the crop type is the main factor that causes difference of crop yield,nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and use efficiency,the effect of previous crop on soil characters was not obvious.Beet is a crop that can achieve high yield and N,P use efficiency,oat is a crop that can efficiently use nitrogen and phosphorus from soil.Potato followed by beet,and beet followed by oat were more possible to improve yield.

关 键 词：华北寒旱区 养分利用效率 养分产投比 甜菜 莜麦 马铃薯 亚麻 谷子 

分 类 号：S533[农业科学—作物学]