基本电荷量常数定值综述  

Review Determination of the Elementary Charge e

作　　者：刘民[1] 彭明[1] LIU Min;PENG Ming(Beijing Orient Institute of Metrology and Test,Beijing 100086,China)

机构地区：[1]北京东方计量测试研究所,北京100086

出　　处：《计量学报》2020年第3期322-327,共6页Acta Metrologica Sinica

摘　　要：综述电磁学基本单位和电荷量测定的历史,解释基本电荷量成为国际单位制成员之一的意义。库仑定律和安培定律是联系电磁学与机械力学的桥梁,由两个定律分别发展出绝对静电单位制和绝对电磁单位制。实用单位制的出现,使电磁学形成了独立的单位体系,为了与机械功率等效,选择了电流作为基本量,规定真空磁导率。密立根油滴实验是仅有的测定基本电荷量的实验,因为准确度较低,电荷量的溯源体系一直未出现。基本电荷量值的确定,不是依赖约瑟夫森常数K J和冯·克里青常数R K,而是在普朗克常数被确定后,由精细结构常数公式计算出来的。基本电荷量被确定后,真空磁导率的角色发生了根本变化,在安培定律公式中发挥着平衡电磁学和力学单位的作用。The history of measuring electric charge and electromagnetic unit system was reviewed,and the signification that the elementary charge become member of International System of Unit was interpreted.The Coulomb s law and Ampere s law were two bridges to link mechanics and electromagnetism.Along with these two formulae,the electrostatic and the electromagnetic absolute unit systems were respectively grown up.The comer of the practical unit systems brought electromagnetism to have its own individual unit system,and chose current as basic quantity and fixed vacuum permeability,aimed at electromagnetic power to be equivalent mechanic power.The Millikan s oil-drop is the only experiment to measure elementary charge value.Because of the low accuracy,the metrological standard system of electric charge have not been appeared.To define the value of elementary charge did not depend on the two constants of Josephson s K J and von Klitzing s R K,but came from the formula of fine structure constant,after the value of Planck constant was fixed.The role of vacuum permeability changed thoroughly after the elementary charge fixed,it had become a balance between two unit systems of electromagnetism and mechanics in the Ampere s law.

关 键 词：计量学 基本电荷量 国际单位制 绝对静电单位制 绝对电磁单位制 实用单位制 密立根油滴实验 普朗克常数 精细结构常数 真空磁导率 

分 类 号：TB97[一般工业技术—计量学]