中国的农业转型——基于农村四十年发展历程的思考  

China’s Agrarian Transformation:A Reflection Based on the Rural Changes in the Past 40 Years

作　　者：陈航英 CHEN Hangying

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学人文社会发展学院/陕西省乡村治理与社会建设协同创新研究中心,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《南京农业大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第3期69-78,共10页Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金西部和边疆地区项目“新型农业经营主体与乡土社会的互动关系研究”(19XJC840001)。

摘　　要：中国农业正在经历快速的转型,就小农生产何去何从、中国农业将会走向何方等问题学界仍存有较大争议。有鉴于此,本文力图在当下中国农业转型问题的讨论中引入一个历史的维度。基于农村四十年的发展历程,重点从农地制度的演变、农民群体的分化、新型农业经营主体的兴起等三个方面梳理中国农业转型的具体历程。研究发现,第一,中国农地制度一直是在稳定土地承包关系和实现适度规模经营两个矛盾面向之间演变发展。“三权”分置政策的出台调和了上述矛盾,但其结果是农地出现被部分商品化的倾向,土地集体所有制对小农生产所具有的保护作用不断被弱化。第二,日益深化的商品化进程,不断冲击农户的兼业模式,在边缘化大部分农户家庭农业生产的同时,推动着一个中农群体的产生;同时,又不断分化农民群体,使得大农与小农的分化趋势愈发明显。第三,在农业产业化战略下,新型农业经营主体逐步兴起,但他们并没有带动和组织小农生产发展,反而是全方位地排挤和吸附小农户。上述三方面的变化正推动着中国农业生产从小农农业经营体系向新型农业经营体系的转变,而这一转变对小农户所产生的不利影响应当引起学者和政策制定者的重视。China’s agriculture is undergoing a rapid transformation,but there is still much controversy among scholars about where the peasants will go and where Chinese agriculture will go.In view of this,this article attempts to introduce a historical dimension in the current discussion of China’s agricultural transformation.Based on the rural changes in the past 40 years,this paper explores China’s agrarian transformation by focusing on the evolution of farmland policy,the differentiation of peasants,and the rising of the New Subjects of Agriculture.It finds that,firstly,China’s farmland system has been evolving between two contradictory aspects of stabilizing land contractual relations and achieving moderate scale operations.The introduction of the“separation of three rights relating to farmland”policy reconciled the above contradictions.As a result,however,farmland tends to be partially commercialized,and the protective effect of Collective Land Ownership on smallholder production has also being weakened.Secondly,the deepening process of commoditization,on the one hand,continuously impacts the rural household’s part-time model.While marginalizing agricultural production in most of the rural households,it promotes the generation of a middle-peasant group.On the other hand,the commoditization continues to differentiate the peasant group,making the differentiation between large farmers and small farmers more obvious.Thirdly,under the agricultural industrialization strategy,the New Subjects of Agriculture are gradually rising,but they have excluded and absorbed small-scale farmers,rather promoted and organized them.Those changes are driving the transformation of Chinese agricultural production from a smallholder agricultural management system to a new type of agricultural management system.The adverse impact of this shift on small peasants should attract the attention of scholars and policy makers.

关 键 词：农业转型 农地政策 商品化 农民分化 新型农业经营主体 

分 类 号：C912.82[经济管理]