唐代司法自由裁量权的法律规制及其实践价值  

Law and Regulation Governing the Tang Dynasty’s Judicial Discretion and Its Practical Value

作　　者：郑显文 Zheng Xianwen

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学哲学与法政学院

出　　处：《法治现代化研究》2020年第1期49-67,共19页Law and Modernization

基　　金：2017年度上海市教委科研创新计划重大项目“‘一带一路’沿线新发现的古代各民族的法律文书整理及研究”(2017-01-07-00-02-E00048);上海师范大学第九期校级重点文科“法律史学科”的资助。

摘　　要：唐代是中国古代法治十分清明的时代。唐代在坚持"断罪皆须具引律、令、格、式正文"的罪行法定主义原则基础上,为了弥补立法疏漏,在诉讼审判中也赋予司法机关一定的自由裁量权。唐代司法官员由此可以根据逻辑推理、公序良俗、利害权衡、不可抗力等原则行使自由裁量权,以实现审判的公正。但司法自由裁量权是一把双刃剑。为防止司法官员滥用自由裁量权,唐代又从制度层面对司法自由裁量权进行规制,把司法自由裁量权限定在一个合理的范围。从传世文献和新发现的敦煌、吐鲁番文书中记录的唐代判文来看,司法自由裁量权被广泛适用于唐代各种诉讼审判活动之中。司法自由裁量权的合理行使,不仅能够有效发挥司法官员的能动作用,提高诉讼审判的效率,实现司法裁判的个案正义,还有利于维护司法的公信力,防止冤假错案和重大社会风险的发生。The Tang Dynasty was a time in ancient China when the rule of law was in good operation.Judicial trials in the Tang Dynasty,on the basis of adhering to the principle of legalism that"all crimes should be judged by the main text of lü律,ling令,ge格and shi式",also endowed judicial organs with certain discretion in lawsuit trials in order to remedy legislative omissions.Judicial officers can exercise their discretion according to the principles of logical reasoning,public order and good customs,balance of interests and force majeure,so as to realize the fairness of the trial.Judicial discretion,however,is a double-edged sword.In order to prevent judicial officials from abusing judicial discretion,the Tang Dynasty regulated judicial discretion from the institutional level,and set judicial discretion in a reasonable range.Judging from the Tang Dynasty judgments recorded in the handed down documents and newly discovered Dunhuang and Turpan documents,judicial discretion is widely applied to various litigation and trial activities in that period.The reasonable exercise of judicial discretion cannot only effectively encourage and enable the judicial officials to play an active role,improve the efficiency of litigation and achieve individual justice of judicial decisions,but also help to maintain the credibility of the judiciary and prevent the occurrence of unjust and false cases and major social risks.

关 键 词：唐代 司法自由裁量权 法律规制 公平正义 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]