故宫养心殿燕喜堂古建筑琉璃构件的釉面损毁研究  

Research on glaze damage of glazed memb ers in Yan Xi Tang of Yang Xin Dian in the Forbidden City

作　　者：赵静[1] 迪丽热巴·阿迪力 钱荣[1] 赵鹏[3] 王丛[3] 杨璐[2] ZHAO Jing;ADILI Dilireba;QIAN Rong;ZHAO Peng;WANG Cong;YANG Lu(Ancient Ceramics Research Center,Shanghai Institute of Ceramics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200050,China;College of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi’an 710069,China;Department of Ancient Architecture,Palace museum,Beijing 100009,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所古陶瓷研究中心,上海200050 [2]西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安710069 [3]故宫博物院古建部,北京100009

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2020年第2期1-12,共12页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目资助(51732008)。

摘　　要：故宫建筑琉璃构件面临最主要的病变是琉璃釉层的大面积脱落,以养心殿燕喜堂最为典型的琉璃筒瓦为研究对象,分析釉层和胎体的成分、形貌以及热性能等,同时进行不同条件下的模拟循环试验发现:环境温湿度变化剧烈,会引起琉璃样品的釉层脱落,其中样品釉层越厚、胎釉与胎体的热扩散性能和热膨胀性能差异越大,样品釉层脱落的速率会越快。分析原因主要在于琉璃样品从高温急剧降到低温等循环过程发生的“淬火”,样品从高温下降至冷冻室冰水混合物中表面釉层的温度下降速率相对最大,这种温度的急剧变化会引起釉层张应力以及胎釉界面热应力的分布不均,釉层脱落破坏最为严重。对比琉璃样品发生破坏时的模拟实验条件和实际环境条件,与夏季的高温/暴雨最为相似,推测可能成为破坏古建筑琉璃釉面脱落的最主要因素之一。研究成果可为后期文物保护和修复方案的提出提供科学依据。The most significant damage faced by glazed architectural components in the Forbidden City is the large-scale detachment of colored glazes.We selected some standard glazed tubular tiles from Yan Xi Tang of Yang Xin Dian(Hall of Mental Cultivation)as the research objects,and analyzed the compositions,morphologies and thermal properties of the glazes and tile bodies.We also performed cyclic simulation experiments under different conditions in this study.We observed that drastic changes in environmental temperature and humidity caused the glazed-tile samples to undergo glaze detachment.In particular,greater glaze thickness and a larger difference in the properties of thermal diffusion and thermal expansion between the glaze and the body led to a faster detachment rate.This was most evident when the samples experienced“quenching”,i.e.,when they underwent a rapid temperature drop from a high to a low temperature in a temperature-cycling process.The largest temperature drop rate of the glaze was observed when samples at a high temperature were placed into an ice water mixture in a freezing chamber.This sharp change in temperature caused an uneven distribution of tensile stress in the glaze and an uneven distribution of thermal stress at the glaze-body interface,resulting in the most severe detachment damage to the glaze.The simulated experimental conditions that best matched the damage to the glazed tile samples were the most similar to the high temperature/storm conditions in summer,implying that the high-temperature/storm conditions may be one of the main factors leading to glaze detachment in ancient buildings.

关 键 词：故宫 古建筑琉璃 釉层脱落 温湿度剧变 破坏应力 

分 类 号：O631.3[理学—高分子化学] K876.3[理学—化学]