耳目之坏:从御史选用制度的演化看明代政治走向  

The Political Trend of the Ming Dynasty Seen from the Evolution of the Selection System of Censors

作　　者：刘祥学[1] LIU Xiang-xue(School of History,Culture and Tourism,Guangxi Normal University,Guilin,Guangxi,541001,China)

机构地区：[1]广西师范大学历史文化与旅游学院,广西桂林541001

出　　处：《史学集刊》2020年第3期4-15,共12页Collected Papers of History Studies

摘　　要：都察院是明代设立的重要监察机构,为风宪耳目之官,总负正风肃纪之责。明代对其所属监察御史的选用,要求明显不同于一般的官吏。除了普遍性的清正廉洁这一操守要求外,还十分看重其“介直”“骨鲠”的个性。在任职资格上,明英宗正统年间,开始打破了新仕进士不得除授御史之职的规定。明中叶后,监察御史选用“多不得人”,管理御史的“宪规”“条约”成为空文,御史不断参与到朝廷的政争之中,使明代官僚体系的有效监督、净化能力不断削弱,这是明代政治日趋腐朽,不断走向衰败的重要原因。As an important supervisory institution,the Court of Censors was established in Ming Dynasty being responsible for supervising and impeaching the higher officials.In the Ming Dynasty,the selection of the supervisory censors was obviously different from that of general officials.In addition to the regular qualities such as honesty and probity,personality such as integrity was attached great importance.In terms of the qualifications of censor,during the period of Zhengtong(正统)emperor Yingzong(英宗)broke the rule that Jinshi(进士,scholars)who became new official were not allowed to hold the position of censor.Since the middle Ming Dynasty,Many appointed censors were incompetent,and the regulations of censor management became ineffective.Some censors got involved in the political disputes of the court,which weakened the effective supervision and purification ability of the bureaucratic system of the Ming Dynasty.As a result,the politics of the Ming Dynasty gradually decayed and went to decline.

关 键 词：明代 都察院 监察御史 选用 政治走向 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] D691.49[历史地理—中国史]