清代东北八旗界官研究  

Research on the Boundary Officers of the Banner Garrisons in Manchuria during the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：付永正[1] FU Yongzheng(Institute of Manchu Culture,Key Laboratory Of Historical Geography And Ethnic Group Change In Changbai Mountains,Changchun Normal University)

机构地区：[1]长春师范大学满族文化研究所、长白山历史地理与族群变迁重点实验室,长春130032

出　　处：《清史研究》2020年第2期26-44,共19页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“古代中国乡村治理与社会秩序研究”(项目编号:18ZDA171);2018年度国家社科基金冷门“绝学”专项重点项目“清代吉林旗人群体满文生计档案史料整理与研究”(项目编号:2018VJX013);吉林省教育厅“十三五”社会科学规划项目“清代图们江流域商贸活动满文档案史料整理与研究”(项目编号:JJKH20190533SK)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清代东北地区基层社会的官制,长期具有"旗民分治"的特点。在各处八旗驻防地,尽管八旗制度长期存在,但在八旗制度内部,为应对旗人越旗居住、耕种,以及同一村屯内旗民杂处等若干新问题,各地方旗署将驻防地的村屯按照地域划分成若干界,拣选在旗当差的佐领、防御及世职云骑尉等,委为一界之界官,专办管界内的各项差务。清代东北各八旗驻防地的界官名称不同,设置时间不一,所司职责呈现一定的时空差异,但其旗界内基层承管官的角色不曾改变。界官所承办差务繁杂,主要是维护管界内的社会治安,承办界内旗民人等的涉农事务,督倡本界旗民的风俗教化等。东北地区的八旗界官,在咸丰至同治年间发展到鼎盛时期,自同治朝以降的同光宣三朝,因民治地方官的增设,练、防军及乡团练勇的募练,尤其是光绪末年至宣统年间四乡巡警的创办,八旗界官的职权被分割,因而迅速走向衰亡,但其作为清代东北八旗驻防地区基层行政官制演进中重要一环的地位无可替代。Bannerman and commoners lived together in Manchuria during the Qing,but they were governed separately.This was a longstanding feature of local administration at the grass roots level.Although the garrisons of the Banner system continued to exist,in response to several emerging issues,such as bannerman residing and farming in areas beyond the boundaries of the garrison,commoners and bannerman lived in the same village.The local governments divided villages under their control into several geographical units and selected local banner officials such as nirui janggin,tuwa?ara hafan i jergi janggin,and tuwa?ara hafan and appointed them as "boundary officers." Each officer was responsible for numerous duties within their jurisdiction.The positions were established at different times and?the responsibilities varied and official titles varied among the different banner garrisons.Nevertheless,despite the temporal and spatial differences their roles as grass-root administrators was basically the same.The boundary officers undertook very complicated duties,but their main responsibility was to maintain social order and to handle all kinds of agriculture-related affairs.In addition,they were responsible for monitoring and guiding the customs and habits of residents.The heyday of this system was during the Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns,but declined rapidly afterward.The rapid decline was mainly due to the establishment,recruitment,and training of new military units?such as Lianjun and Fangjun,in many counties and the training of?militiamen,especially the rural patrols created during the latter part of the Guangxu reign and the Xuantong reign.All these reforms resulted in the division of the powers of the boundary officers,but these offices were essential and represented an important link in the evolution of the grass-roots administration of the northeast during the Qing dynasty.

关 键 词：清代 东北地区 八旗界官 基层官制 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]