海底矿产开采,对“区域”的圈占——海洋攫取、专有知识与国家管辖范围之外采掘边疆的地缘政治  

Mining the seabed,enclosing the Area:ocean grabbing,proprietary knowledge and the geopolitics of the extractive frontier beyond national jurisdiction

作　　者：安娜·扎利克 张大川(译) Anna Zalik(Faculty of Environmental Studies,York University)

机构地区：[1]加拿大多伦多约克大学环境研究学院 [2]不详

出　　处：《国际社会科学杂志（中文版）》2020年第1期153-173,8,13,共23页International Social Science Journal（Chinese Edition）

摘　　要：国际海底管理局(ISA)系联合国机构,主要负责监管国家管辖范围以外的海底和海床(称为“区域”的区块)的矿产开采。过去15年里,国际海底管理局已经签发了多份勘探合同,准许在其管理的特定区块内进行深海矿物勘探。近年来,要求快速铺开一个国际海底管理局矿产开采管理体制的压力越来越大。依据国际法,按照人类共同遗产原则,深海海床属于整个全球共同体。凡是在签署《联合国海洋法公约》之前由联合国或其母国授予勘探权的企业,无论是半官方企业还是私营公司,都是此类合同的行为体。这些行为体也包括美国公司,尤其是洛克希德·马丁公司,它们在20世纪70年代和80年代参与了深海采矿财团。本文认为,围绕国际海底管理局谈判展开的新重商主义动态说明,深海海床包含了专有数据的地缘政治学和金融政治经济学。某些国家和企业把持权力,左右着国际海底管理局海底矿产开发体制,部分原因是处于国家管辖范围之外的海洋边疆的法律地位尚存在争议。Over the past 15 years the International Seabed Authority(ISA),the United Nations agency charged with regulating extraction from the ocean floor and seabed in areas beyond national jurisdiction(a zone referred to as the“Area”),has assigned exploration contracts for deep sea mineral exploration for specific zones under its purview.Pressures have mounted in recent years for a rapid roll out of an ISA mineral exploitation regime.Under international law,the deep seabed pertain to the entire global community under the principle of the common heritage of(hu)mankind.Parastatal and private firms granted rights by the UN and/or their home states for exploration prior to the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS),are among the actors in these contracts.They include US firms,notably Lockheed Martin,which participated in deep-sea mining consortia in the 1970s and 1980s.The paper argues that the neo-mercantilist dynamics surrounding ISA negotiations show how the geopolitics of proprietary data and political economy of finance constitute the deep seabed.The power certain states and firms hold in shaping the ISA exploitation regime arises in part from the contested legal position of ocean frontiers beyond state jurisdiction.

关 键 词：新重商主义 国家管辖范围 私营公司 矿产开采 联合国机构 矿物勘探 地缘政治学 洛克希德 

分 类 号：F42[经济管理—产业经济]