明清雹灾、冰雪、地震与瘟疫等关联书写及多神观念  

The Narrative of Correlation among Hail Disaster,Snow and Ice,Earthquake and Plague and Polytheism

作　　者：王立[1] WANG Li(Institute of Language and Literature,Dalian University,Dalian 116622,China)

机构地区：[1]大连大学语言文学研究所,辽宁大连116622

出　　处：《哈尔滨工业大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第3期93-99,共7页Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“明清灾害叙事、御灾策略及民间信仰研究”(17FZW012)。

摘　　要：明清灾害书写,注意到灾害间联系中的失察、误判,影响到御灾、赈灾不当、不及时、不作为,拓展出一个御灾新视野。雹灾多在水灾前,带来洪灾;冰雹载录多突出降雹砸伤人畜禾稼,忽视所挟低温;雹灾还可能是旱灾前兆。大风、尘霾与雹灾前后叠加,有时被看作社会动荡征兆,而雹灾可能引发风灾与环境污染。冰雪加剧兽灾,瘟疫引发疫戾之气。一是地震引发地下水的上涌或异常,常有怪异动物——蛟龙趁机兴妖作怪。二是数灾并发时,辟灾救民之神随之涌现,体现出民间神祇的实用性功能,缓解灾情压力。三是次生灾害载录往往补充了告灾记录,提醒人们对灾害认知不足。四是民间多神观念,威慑、约束着人们在天神监督下行事,这有利于灾民教化、有利于救灾度过灾害风险期。五是与地震直截了当的崩塌破坏不同,严寒、冰雪遮蔽山区道路等危险和恐惧,也带来对雪神滕六等信仰的强化。几种灾害(次生灾)叠加出现,对被灾者常常是毁灭性打击,令人丧失重建家园的信心与能力。将非常态的灾害视为生态运行的组成部分,与灾害始终同行,是理性且有意义的生存选择。In the narrative of disasters in the Ming and Qing dynasties,the notice of the oversight and misjudgment in the links between disasters affected disaster prevention,improper relief,untimeliness and inaction.This is a new perspective.Before the floods came the hail disasters which brought the floods;hail recordings often highlighted hailstorms that damaged human,livestock and crops,ignoring the low temperatures;hail disasters may also be a precursor to drought.High winds,haze and hail were sometimes seen as signs of social unrest.The hail disaster may cause wind disaster and environmental pollution.Snow and ice exacerbated the beast disaster.The plague sparked an epidemic.Firstly,the earthquake caused the upwelling or abnormality of groundwater,and weird animals often took advantage of the opportunity to make trouble.Secondly,when several disasters occurred,gods for disaster relief and rescue of the people would emerge,reflecting the practical function of folk deities and alleviating the pressure of disasters.Thirdly,the secondary disaster records often supplemented the disaster reporting records to remind people of insufficient awareness of disasters.Moreover,the folk polytheism concept deterred and restrained people from acting under the supervision of the gods,which was conducive to the education of the victims and to the relief of the disaster risk period.Finally,unlike the direct collapse and damage of the earthquake,the dangers and fears of severe cold,ice and snow covering mountain roads strengthened the beliefs such as the Snow God Teng Liu.The emergence of several disasters and secondary disasters was often a devastating blow to the victims,causing people to lose their confidence and ability to rebuild their homes.Treating a very normal disaster as an integral part of ecological operation,and always walking with disaster,is a rational and meaningful existence choice.

关 键 词：冰雪 大风 瘟疫 地震 灾害关联书写 

分 类 号：I206.2[文学—中国文学]