自由心证制度的本土实践以我国西南地区基层环境侵权案件为分析对象  

“Intime Conviction”in Chinese Judicial Procedure:An Example of an Environmental Torts Case

作　　者：林浩舟 LIN Haozhou(KoGuan Law School,China Institute for Socio-Legal Studies,Shanghai Jiao Tong University)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院、中国法与社会研究院

出　　处：《社会》2020年第3期148-172,共25页Chinese Journal of Sociology

摘　　要："以事实为根据,以法律为准绳"是改革开放以来我国司法案件审理的基本原则,不过在实践中法官的审理逻辑更复杂。以我国西南地区的基层环境侵权案件为例,我国的基层法院一方面按照法律程序对环境侵权案件进行审理,另一方面在审判中"坚持服务大局",因此,法官在"自由心证"的过程中"做文章"是一项不得已的实践策略。自由心证制度起源于17世纪英国的普通法法院,以新教革命之后"良心必须是自己形成的"原则为伦理动机。自由心证原则在当代中国的命运如何,不仅取决于法治的顶层设计是否完善,还取决于中国社会能否实现"生活之道的伦理理性化"。"Facts as ground,laws as standard"has been China’s judicial guideline since the Reform Era,but in reality judges deviate from such principles.In a 2009 air pollution case in Southwest China,the presiding judge willfully misread evidences to reach the conclusion that pollution victims had notproven their case.A closer examination revealed the reason behind the judge’s decision was an official finding by the local government denying of any existence of pollution prior to the trial.Whereas China has adopted much of Western style civil law and civil procedure,judges are at same time bounded by the judicial ideology of"serving the overall situation".Hence Chinese judges struggle to meet the two seemingly incompatible sets of judicial goals and institutions.Making compromises in judicial fact finding procedures is a quite common practice."Intime conviction",originated in 17 th Century Protestant England,is an important principle in the law of evidence requiring judges to determine case facts according to their own conscience.It was introduced to China at the turn of the 21 st Century and its adaptation was mostly for utilitarian consideration,rather than the establishment of judicial ethics.The legal modernization in China was largely driven by the desire to develop and compete internationally,not noticing the fact that modernization is a process of"disenchantment"(e.g.wide societal belief in"freedom of conscience").Therefore,the question whether China would see"intime conviction"successfully implemented,and for that matter,whether China can establish a rationalized judicial system in Weberian sense,is as much up to the progress of"individual ethics from below"as to that of"institutional design from above".

关 键 词：基层司法 自由心证 环境侵权 法律移植 

分 类 号：D926.2[政治法律—法学]