马克思恩格斯民族观视阈下的“中华民族”百年学术建构史  

A Century of Academic Construction of the “Chinese Nation” from the Perspective of Marx and Engels’ View on Nation

作　　者：宋培军 Song Peijun

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院中国历史研究院中国边疆研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《文史哲》2020年第3期105-124,167,共21页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：中国社会科学院中国历史研究院中国边疆研究所重点课题“唯物史观与中国边疆理论研究”与“中国统一多民族国家形成与发展史研究”的阶段性成果.

摘　　要：梳理马克思、恩格斯散见于其德文、英文著作中的"民族"字眼,可以发现其民族观揭示了古代民族、现代民族两条形成路线,都经历了"部族"阶段,并且分别以建立古代民族国家、现代民族国家为各自发展的高级形态。这就与斯大林的民族定义强调"现代"这一时代定位有了出入,从而为拓展其适用性提供了可能。无论是梁启超1905年对"中华民族"概念的国家主义创造,还是顾颉刚1939年对"中华民族是一个"的理论论证,很多论述与马克思、恩格斯的民族观暗合。费孝通1939年运用"族团"(ethnic union)概念与顾颉刚进行商榷,难说构成民族对等意义上的学术对话,其1988年后对"中华民族多元一体"的理论阐发,则更多是对斯大林民族定义中国化实践智慧的总结,但其核心概念"民族集团"的使用比较随意,也缺乏定性分析,这都源于其始终没有认识到乃师史禄国英文写作中运用的ethnos实际上是希腊语ενοs的拉丁转写。"中华民族"在梁启超、顾颉刚看来就是属于文化族类而非种族、氏族、部族的"汉族"或"汉人"。只有以马克思民族观为基本规范,才能解决政治学、民族史学科分割带来的认识局限问题,从历史的镜像看到清末民初民族关系结构变革的历史真相,进而建立"一族多线"的中华民族国家观。Marx and Engels’ view on nation reveals the two forming lines of ancient nations and modern nations,both of which have undergone two stages:nationalities and nation.The two nation-states have in common the existence of the trinity and indispensability of the people,nation,and state.It is inconsistent with the linear distinction between ancient,feudal,and capitalist countries.This is inconsistent with Stalin’s definition of "нация,"emphasizing the"modern"era positioning,thus providing the possibility to expand its applicability.In the eyes of Liang Qichao and Gu Jiegang,"Chinese nation"is"Han people,"which is the concept creation and application in this sense.While Fei Xiaotong’s theoretical elaboration of the"multiple integration of the Chinese nation"is more a summary of Stalin’s definition of the sinicization practice,lack of a clear definition and qualitative analysis of ethnic unions and ethnic groups.Only from the perspective of Marx and Engels’ view on nation can we solve the problem of the limitation of understanding brought about by the division of political science and ethnic history,and then we can see the historical truth of the structural change of ethnic relations in the late Qing and early Republic of China from the historical mirror.

关 键 词：马克思 斯大林 民族 民族集团 多民族国家 中华民族 

分 类 号：A811[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学] D693.72[政治法律—政治学]