转型时期奥斯曼土耳其和英帝国在中东的角力及其遗产  

The Competition and Struggle between Ottoman Empire and British Empire during Abdulhamid II’s Reign and Turkish War for Liberation

作　　者：李秉忠[1,2] Li Bingzhong

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院,西安710062 [2]陕西师范大学土耳其研究中心,西安710062

出　　处：《西亚非洲》2020年第3期69-89,共21页West Asia and Africa

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“土耳其国家治理难题研究”(17ASS003);教育部国别和区域研究专项基金(19GBQY069)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：阿卜杜勒·哈米德二世时代,帝国主义和殖民主义已然是主导世界秩序的压倒性力量,奥斯曼帝国被迫祭出了泛伊斯兰主义的旗帜,以此进行最后的抗争。泛伊斯兰主义在此阶段是一种综合的救亡图存方案,是用伊斯兰身份装扮的伊斯兰民族主义,而不仅仅是意识形态。英国和土耳其关系在此阶段更多地表现为英国对奥斯曼土耳其战略性领土的吞食,而奥斯曼土耳其被迫吞咽这些恶果。土耳其独立战争时期,文明和种族的优劣一度成为英国主导的话语并深刻作用于其对土耳其政策,集中体现为西方试图将土耳其人永远逐出君士坦丁堡。凯末尔主义者以民族主义为主,辅之以伊斯兰主义完成了政治动员,确定了建立边界明晰和领土有限的共和国这一目标,完成了救亡图存的使命。奥斯曼帝国和英帝国这一时期的竞逐发生在世界局势转型的时代,英国部分地填补了奥斯曼帝国解体造成的权力、安全和意识形态的真空,由此造成了现代中东诸多结构性的问题,深刻地塑造了中东未来地缘政治的走向。双方的竞逐,注解着这一时期权力的转移和意识形态的抗争,也是探讨英帝国在中东遗产的重要起点。In the era of Abdul Hamid II,imperialism and colonialism had already been the overwhelming forces that dominated the world order,and the Ottoman Empire was forced to raise the banner of Pan-Islamism as a final struggle.The relationship between the British Empire and the Ottoman Turkey at this time was more manifested as the British strategic encroachment on Ottoman Turkey’s territory,and the Ottoman Turkey was forced to swallow these results.Pan-Islamism at this time was a comprehensive plan for survival,not just an ideology.During the Turkish War of Independence,the pros and cons of civilization and race once became the dominant discourse of Britain and deeply influenced its policies on the Ottoman,mainly reflecting the West’s attempt to expel the Turks from Constantinople forever.Kemalists used nationalism and Islamism to complete political mobilization,aimed to establish a republic with clear and limited borders,and fulfilled the mission of saving the country.The competition between the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire took place in an era of the changing world situations.The vacuum of power,security and ideology caused by the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was filled by the British Empire,which caused many structural problems in the modern Middle East.It has profoundly shaped the future geopolitical trend of the Middle East.The competition between the two sides,not only annotates the transfer of power and ideological struggles during this period,but also an important starting point for exploring the British Empire’s heritage in the Middle East.

关 键 词：奥斯曼土耳其 英帝国 阿卜杜勒·哈米德二世 泛伊斯兰主义 土耳其独立战争 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]