敦煌壁画僧人所坐榻形高座和椅形高座  

Bed and Chair-shaped High Seats Used by Monks in Dunhuang Murals

作　　者：杨森[1] YANG Sen(Dunhuang Textual Research Institute,Dunhuang Academy,Lanzhou,Gansu 730030)

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院敦煌文献研究所,甘肃兰州730030

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2020年第2期1-10,共10页Dunhuang Research

摘　　要：敦煌壁画中的高僧坐具,从箱形榻式高座发展到椅式高座,说明佛教在中国化的进程中,不断学习、借鉴华夏固有的用具以融入当时社会。椅子输入中土,又经过僧俗大众的改造,椅式高座,也纳入汉译佛经专有名词中。至宋西夏元还出现过附加高木梯的大高座。在榻式高座和椅式高座发展的同时,宋代民间还有榻椅合一的高座。榻式高座在清代绘画偶有所见,但椅式高座罕见。伊朗、印度绘画中仅见国王宝座为椅式高座。20世纪初,日本有僧人椅式高座的绘画和寺院实物。The transformation of the seats for monks in Dunhuang murals from box-bed like high seats to chair-like high seats indicates that during the process of Sinicization,Buddhism continually studied and took reference from Chinese items so as to fit into Chinese society.The chair was introduced into the Central Plains of China and was transformed by both Buddhists and Chinese citizens into a type of chair-like high seat.These seats are even recorded among lists of objects in the Chinese version of contemporary Buddhist sutras.An especially high seat with an attached wooden ladder also appeared in the Song,Western Xia,and Yuan dynasties.Along with the development of high seats resembling beds and chairs,another kind of chair combining the form and function of both appeared in the Song dynasty.The bed-like high seat is occasionally depicted in the Qing dynasty paintings,while the chair-like high seat is very rare;in Iranian and Indian paintings from similar periods,however,the chair-like seat was only used by the kings.At the beginning of the 20th century,both paintings and physical examples of the chair-like high seats for monks began to appear in Japan.

关 键 词：敦煌 壁画 床榻 椅子 高座 

分 类 号：K879.211[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]