磷肥种类和施用方式对新疆棉田磷素利用及棉花产量的影响  

Effects of phosphate fertilizer types and application methods on phosphorus utilization and cotton yield in Xinjiang cotton field

作　　者：马丹[1,2] 赵库 沙木和别克·阿咱别克 袁芳 努尔居马·卡德尔别克 盛建东 张凯[1,2] MA Dan;ZHAO Ku;Shamuhebieke·Azanbieke;YUAN Fang;Nuerjuma·Kadeerbieke;SHENG Jiandong;ZHANG Kai(College of Grass and Environmental Science,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi,Xinjiang 830052,China;Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Ecology,Urumqi,Xinjiang 830052,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆农业大学草业与环境科学学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830052 [2]新疆土壤与植物生态过程重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐830052

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2020年第2期86-92,共7页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：国家重点研发专项子课题“新疆棉花种植体系减磷增效研究”(2017YFD0200205-6);国家自然科学基金项目(41761067);新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2017D01A37)。

摘　　要：通过研究不同磷肥种类和施用方式对新疆棉田棉花磷吸收、产量和土壤磷平衡的影响,明确适合新疆棉田的磷肥种类和施用方式。采用田间试验方法,设置6个处理:不施磷肥(CK)、重过磷酸钙基施(TSP-B)、磷酸一铵基施(MAP-B)、磷酸脲基施(UP-B)、磷酸一铵滴施(MAP-D)、磷酸脲滴施(UP-D),在棉花花蕾期、花铃期、吐絮期分别采集土壤及植物样品,测定土壤有效磷含量、棉花各器官吸磷量和籽棉产量,并计算磷肥利用效率和棉田磷平衡。结果表明:磷酸一铵和磷酸脲处理的土壤有效磷含量、植物吸磷量高于重过磷酸钙处理,并且吐絮期时,滴施处理(MAP-D、UP-D)土壤有效磷含量比基施处理(MAP-B、UP-B)增加了46.34%和105.12%。与不施磷肥和重过磷酸钙处理相比,磷酸一铵和磷酸脲处理的籽棉产量显著提高,且滴施处理略高于基施处理,磷酸一铵滴施处理的籽棉产量相较于不施磷肥和重过磷酸钙处理增加了41.38%和37.82%。磷酸一铵滴施的磷肥当季利用率和农学效率最高,分别为25.44%和19.59 kg·kg^-1,且棉田磷素盈余最少,为-39.99 kg·hm^-2。综上,在新疆棉花种植体系中,磷酸一铵和磷酸脲提高土壤有效磷含量、籽棉产量、磷肥利用率和植物利用土壤磷素的效果优于重过磷酸钙,且滴施略优于基施。In order to explore the best phosphorus fertilizer and application method used in cotton field in Xinjiang,the effects of different fertilizer types and application methods on uptake yield and soil balance in cotton fields in Xinjiang were studied.Six treatments were set up:no fertilizer(CK),triple superphosphate as base fertilizer(TSP-B),monoammonium phosphate as base fertilizer(MAP-B),urea phosphate as base fertilizer(UP-B),monoammonium phosphate applied with drip irrigation(MAP-D),urea phosphate applied with drip irrigation(UP-D).Soil and plant samples were collected in the bud stage,flowering boll stage and boll opening stage to determine the soil,plant accumulation and seed cotton yield.The results showed that,soil treated with MAP and UP was higher than that of TSP;and plant phosphorus uptake were higher under applied with drip irrigation than as bas fertilizers.In the boll opening period,the soil content under MAP-D and UP-D treatments were 46.34%and 105.12%higher than MAP-B and UP-B treatments.Compared with CK and TSP treatments,the yield of seed cotton under MAP and UP treatments was significantly higher,and drip treatment was slightly higher than base treatment.MAP-D treatment significantly increased yield by 41.38%and 37.82%compared to CK and TSP-B treatments.The fertilizer utilization rate and agronomic efficiency under MAP-D treatment were the highest,25.44%and 19.59 kg·kg^-1,respectively.The soil balance under MAP-D treatment was-39.99 kg·hm^-2,which lowest among fertilization treatments.In summary,in Xinjiang cotton planting system,MAP and UP may be the better fertilizers compared with TSP in improving soil availability,seed cotton yield,fertilizer utilization rate and plant capability to use soil,and drip application slightly better than basal application.

关 键 词：棉花 磷肥种类 施用方式 产量 土壤磷平衡 新疆棉区 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学] S147.3