贵州苗族民间习惯法制度文化研究  

On the Institutional Culture of Miao’s Folk Law in Guizhou

作　　者：周相卿[1] ZHOU Xiangqing

机构地区：[1]贵州民族大学,贵州贵阳550025

出　　处：《贵州民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2019年第6期110-157,共48页Journal of Guizhou Minzu University:Philosophy and Social Science

基　　金：2013贵州省省长基金项目“贵州苗族制度文化研究”。

摘　　要：贵州是中国苗族最主要的聚居地,由于地理条件和历史传统的因素,很多苗族聚居地传承了非常多的习惯法内容。这些习惯法规范在社会上发挥作用,就会形成制度。贵州苗族民间组织制度主要包括寨老制度、民间议事组织以及家族或近亲团体制度。苗族习惯法的制定、修改或者废除主要通过议榔等形式进行。历史上苗族习惯法的处罚形式包括复仇、死刑以及驱逐出寨等形式,当代苗族习惯法的处罚形式主要是财产性处罚,也有喊寨、孤立等其他形式。当代保留得最好、能够形成完整体系的是婚姻习惯法制度,婚姻习惯法中结婚对象选择制度、不落夫家制度、偷婚制度和离婚制度等有非常强的地方色彩。受到习惯法保障的祭祀制度主要有黔东南苗族地方的“牯脏节”制度、扫寨制度、活路头制度、敬桥制度以及一些西部苗族地方每年定期的祭祀特定树制度等。近20多年来,这些习惯法制度文化变迁的速度非常快。Guizhou Province is where Miao people live in big numbers,and due to geographical and historical reasons much of Miao’s folk law has been inherited in Miao people’s areas.The Miao’s folk law plays an active role in regulating social practice and individual behavior on account of specific effective institutional cultural forms such as Village Head System,Folk Convention Organization,and Clan or Close Kinship Group System.Its formulation,revision,or revoke has to be undertaken by Yilang,a Miao’s folk parliament.Historically the penalties of Miao’s folk law included revenge,capital punishment,and expulsion while at present they are composed of property fines,village-wide notification,and social exclusion.The best-inherited marriage system is characterized with spouse selection freedom,non-patriarchal residence following the wedding(that is,residence other than the husband’s home),secret marriage,and divorce permission.The best-inherited sacrifice system covers the Guzang Festival,village cleaning,farming,bridge worshiping,and holy tree sacrifice.The past 2 decades has witnessed the rapid change of the Miao’s folk law systems.

关 键 词：苗族习惯法 民间组织制度 民间处罚 祭祀习俗 

分 类 号：C952[社会学—民族学]