“活”的人口史:从曾氏家族看19世纪中国官宦之家的婚姻、生育行为  

A Living History of Population:Marital and Procreative Behavior of the Official Families in the 19th Century China on the Material Base About the Zeng Clan

作　　者：郭玉峰[1] Guo Yufeng

机构地区：[1]天津师范大学历史文化学院,天津300387

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2020年第3期43-64,208,共23页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：天津市哲学社会科学研究规划项目“生活史视野下的清代人口行为研究”(TJZL16-005);天津市高校“中青年骨干创新人才培养计划”(2017)。

摘　　要：将书信、日记与族谱等资料结合起来考察人口行为,置人口问题于生活场景之中,更易于深刻揭示人口行为发生的具体情境及过程,展现"活"的人口行为面相。仕宦之家存在着政治联姻现象且盛行早聘之风,其原因在于不想错失门当户对、攀龙附凤的机会。在19世纪,曾氏家族中男儿初婚平均年龄低于女儿,这可能是外姓女子之家急于与曾家男子联姻的一种体现。官宦之家的"入赘"行为是一种形式,赘婿没有寄人篱下的自卑感,入赘之举是为了婚后更好的生活或前程。在曾国藩这样的仕宦之家并不存在显著的晚生、早停、生育间隔长、生育率低等现象,中国式婚内抑制的生育机制不明显。在仕宦之家,求学、科考可推迟初育时间,而变动的仕宦生涯、长期的夫妻分居也是影响生育率的重要因素之一。曾氏父子存在着"重男不轻女"的生育观念,幼孩的抚育并非母亲的天职,父亲也是抚育后代的积极参与者。早聘与"大龄"定庚并存、早婚与"大龄婚"并行、"入赘婚"的存在以及"重男不轻女"的观念,可能体现了19世纪中国官宦之家在人口行为上的某些共同特征。Combining materials such as letters,diaries,and genealogies to investigate population behaviors,and placing population issues in the context of life,it is easier for us to reveal the specific situations and processes in which population behaviors occur,and to show the living population behaviors.There were the phenomena of political marriage and early engagement in the official families.The reason was that they did not want to miss the opportunity of being well matched in socioeconomic position.In the 19 th century,the average of first marriage of daughters was higher than that of sons in the Zeng clan.This might be an embodiment of other clanseagerness for marrying their young women to the men of the Zeng clan.The behavior of the man who married into and lived with the bride’s family in the official families was a surface form for a better life or the future of the son-in-law,and the man who married into and lived with the bride’s family did not have a sense of inferiority.There was no such significant phenomenon as late childbirth,early stopping bearing,long period of childbirth,low fertility rate in Zeng Guofan’s family,and the birth mechanism of Chinese style marital inhibition was not obvious.In the official families,seeking knowledge and imperial examination could delay the time of the first childbirth,and the changing official career and the long term separation of husbands and wives were also two of the important factors affecting the fertility rate.Zeng Guofan and his sons had the ideal of favoring sons and valuing daughters in the procreation.The responsibility of bringing up children was not only the mother’s,but also the father’s.These facts of early and late engagements,early and late marriages,the marriages of the man who married into and lived with the bride’s family and the ideal of favoring sons and valuing daughters,might reflect the common features about the population behaviors of the official families in the 19 th century China.

关 键 词：曾国藩 曾氏家族 “活”的人口史 婚姻行为 生育行为 

分 类 号：C924.25[社会学—人口学]