谣言传播违法与犯罪的成立条件--基于行政法与刑法相关制度比较的视角  

The Establishment Condition of Illegality and Crime of Spreading Rumor

作　　者：罗斌 宋素红 Luo Bin;Song Suhong

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学媒体法研究中心 [2]中国社会科学院大学媒体学院 [3]北京师范大学新闻传播学院

出　　处：《新闻与传播研究》2020年第5期21-40,126,共21页Journalism & Communication

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“传播犯罪的趋势、类型及立法司法研究”(项目编号:19BXW083)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：法律意义上的“谣言”,是以突发事件的相关信息为主要内容、已被证伪的事实性信息,其在我国法律中逐渐为“虚假信息”替代。谣言传播行政违法与刑事犯罪的成立条件一致,其共同适用我国刑法学界主流观点即三阶层犯罪论体系:在构成要件的要素方面,传播型寻衅滋事罪中的“虚假信息”和《治安管理处罚法》中的“谣言”没有限制,使得违法或犯罪成立的第一个条件过于宽松;在违法性即侵害后果方面,刑法要求实际侵害结果,行政执法中将谣言的危险、威胁认定为扰乱社会秩序;在最后一个关口即有责性条件上,有关行政法和刑法均明确要求故意要件。虽然谣言传播的法律制度需要改进,但只要严格依照法律,其违法或犯罪的成立依然会受到限制。Rumor,in the sense of law,which is gradually being replaced by the term false information,is factual information mainly involving emergent events whose falsity have been proved. The establishment conditions of administrative illegality and criminality of spreading rumor are coincident,which apply to the Three Stages theory system which is the mainstream viewin Chinese criminal law. In the essential factor of constitutive requirements,false information in criminal lawand rumor in administrative lawleave hidden troubles for expanding punishing freedom of expression. In the illegality or consequence of infringement aspect, the criminal lawprovides actual consequence of infringement, and the administrative lawenforcement identifies the danger and threat of rumor with disruption of social order.In the responsibility aspect,both administrative and criminal laws explicitly require intent. Although the legal system should be improved regarding rumors,the establishment of illegality and criminality is still limited,as long as the existing laws are strictly observed.

关 键 词：谣言 虚假信息 符合性 违法性 有责性 

分 类 号：D922.14[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D924.3[政治法律—法学] G206[文化科学—传播学]