关于合同僵局的破解之道  

On Breaking the Contract Impasse

作　　者：崔建远[1] Cui Jianyuan

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《东方法学》2020年第4期107-116,共10页Oriental Law

摘　　要：合同不能履行、债务不适于强制履行、履行费用过高等场合,债务人虽已构成违约,债权人本有解除权却有意不行使,背离诚信、公平及禁止权利滥用诸项原则,合同存续下去,债务人仍负给付义务乃至违约责任,显失公平。此种合同僵局应被破解,方案可有几种,如违约方请求人民法院或仲裁机构裁判解除合同时应予支持,或者赋予违约方解除合同的权利,一但提起解除合同的诉讼请求或仲裁请求,人民法院或仲裁机构即应确认,或者借鉴有关立法例的成功经验为我所用。合同僵局的案件多数不符合情事变更原则的成立要件,也是德国民法上不能履行规则和不可合理期待规则所无力全部解决的,还是持续性合同可以不提理由地解除(终止)制度无法取代的。至于因为境外的立法例无此制度,来否定中国法就不得创设该制度之论,在法理上欠缺依据。Where the contract is not performed,the debt is not suitable for enforcement,and the cost of performance is excessive,the debtor has constituted a breach of contract,but the creditor has the right to discharge but intentionally does not exercise it.This departs from the principles of good faith,fairness and prohibition of abuse of rights,and it is manifestly unfair that if the contract continues,the debtor is still liable for payment or even breach of contract.Such a contractual impasse should be solved,and options may include either upholding the defaulting party’s request by the people’s court or arbitral institution for a decision to terminate the contract,or giving the defaulting party the right to terminate the contract,which should be confirmed by the people’s court or arbitral institution as soon as the request for termination or arbitration is filed,or drawing on the successful experience of the relevant legislation for our use.Neither most cases of contractual impasse meet the elements of the establishment of the principle of variation of circumstances,nor can fully resolved under the rules of non-performance and non-reasonable expectation in German civil law,nor can be replaced by the system of dissolution(termination)of a continuing contract for no reason.As for the argument that Chinese law cannot create such a system because there is no such system in legislation outside China,it lacks bases in legal theory.

关 键 词：合同僵局 违约方 守约方 显失公平 诚信原则 禁止权利滥用原则 

分 类 号：DF525[政治法律—民商法学]