大数据时代“个人信息”的权利变迁与刑法保护的教义学限缩——以“数据财产权”与“信息自决权”的二分为视角  

The Right Transformation of "Personal Information" and the Dogmatics-oriented Restriction of Its Scope Protected by Criminal Law in the Big Data Era--From the Perspective of Dichotomy between "Data Property Right"

作　　者：张忆然 Zhang Yiran

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《政治与法律》2020年第6期53-67,共15页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：为了适应大数据时代的数据经济和个人权利保护,民法上的发展方向是对个人信息权利属性进行"信息自决权"和"数据财产权"的划分,以"情境"或"场景"为核心的个别化保护方法成为近年来数据保护领域的发展趋势。在刑法教义学维度上,重要的问题不仅在于个人信息的保护法益如何确定,更在于如何根据个人信息的不同权利属性,合理限缩有关罪名的构成要件。对个人信息"信息自决权"的保护,宜立足于"情境脉络完整性理论",对"已公开"个人信息的值得保护性加以判断,重新阐释侵犯公民个人信息罪中"非法获取"行为的教义学含义;对于"知情同意"原则应予弱化,并类比医疗刑法中患者的"知情同意",赋予刑法上构成要件阻却之效力。对个人信息"数据财产权"的保护,在流转环节不适用"知情同意"原则,不能将"未经同意"等同于"违反国家规定"。单纯转让数据财产权不属于侵犯公民个人信息罪中的"出售"或"提供"行为,例外侵犯信息自决权时应认定为"出售"或"提供"行为。In order to get with the data economy and personal rights protection in the era of big data,the development direction of civil law is the dichotomy between " information self-determination right" and " data property right" according to the attributes of personal information rights. The individualized protection method with " situation" or " scenario" as the core has become an emerging trend in the field of data protection recently. In the dimension of criminal law dogmatics,the important issue is not only about how to determine the legal interest of personal information protection,but also about how to reasonably restrict the constituents of relevant crimes according to different attributes of personal information rights. As for the protection of " information self-determination right",the " context integrity" theory should serve as the basis for judging whether the " disclosed" personal information is worth protection or not,reinterpreting the dogmatics-oriented meaning of " illegal acquisition" in the crime of infringing citizens’ personal information of. The "informed consent" principle should be weakened,and by analogy with " informed consent" of patients in medical criminal law,it should be endowed with the effect of negating constitutive elements in criminal law.For the protection of " data property rights",the " informed consent" principle is not applicable to the circulation of personal information,and " without consent" cannot be equated with " violating state regulations".Simply transferring data property right does not belong to the action of " selling" or " providing" in the crime of infringing citizens’ personal information. In exceptional cases,such transfer infringing information self-determination right should be considered as the action of " selling" or " providing".

关 键 词：个人信息 信息自决权 数据财产权 侵犯公民个人信息罪 

分 类 号：DF626[政治法律—刑法学]