不同土壤管理与施肥模式对茶园土壤环境及茶叶产量的影响  

Effects of Different Soil Management and Fertilization Patterns on Soil Conditions in Tea Garden and Tea Yield

作　　者：金桂梅[1] 李昱航 郑向群 梁涛[3] 毛妍婷[1] 陈安强[1] 续勇波[4] 玉总 平凤超 雷宝坤[1] JIN Gui-mei;LI Yu-hang;ZHENG Xiang-qun;LIANG Tao;MAO Yan-ting;CHEN An-qiang;XU Yong-bo;YU Zong;PING Feng-chao;LEI Bao-kun(Agricultural Resources&Environment Institute,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Kunming 650205,China;Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650205,China;Agricultural Comprehensive Service Center of Menga,Menghai 666201,China;不详)

机构地区：[1]云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所,云南昆明650205 [2]农业农村部环境保护科研监测所,天津300191 [3]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101 [4]云南农业大学,云南昆明6502055 [5]勐海县勐阿镇农业综合服务中心,云南勐海666201

出　　处：《土壤通报》2020年第1期152-158,共7页Chinese Journal of Soil Science

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0201208-1)资助。

摘　　要：茶园大量施用化肥产生的土壤酸化及水环境污染等环境问题,严重限制着茶产业的绿色生态发展。设置化肥减量、秸秆地表覆盖、活覆盖(以草控草)、以生物炭为主的土壤调理剂、有机肥等6种处理措施,研究了不同土壤管理与施肥模式对茶叶产量和茶园土壤环境的影响。结果表明:施用以生物炭为主的土壤调理剂使茶叶产量增加,茶园土壤有机质含量提高、基本肥力状况改善,同时使硝态氮(NN)、铵态氮(AN)土-水界面迁移数量减少,茶园径流中氮磷元素流失减轻,环境效益较好;氮肥的使用使土壤的pH值下降,引起茶园土壤酸化;免耕覆盖(秸秆地表覆盖、活覆盖)、施用有机肥和生物炭土壤调理剂均能提高土壤pH值,抑制土壤酸化;免耕覆盖在控制杂草方面效果比较明显,减少人工除草成本效益显著。另外,研究发现试验茶园径流水中磷素形态以可溶性总磷(DTP)为主,可溶性磷占总磷(TP)的70%~92%;土壤pH值随季节发生变化,7月升高,9月降低,11月再回升。因此,施用有机肥、免耕覆盖、以生物炭为主的土壤调理剂种植技术模式可以在不施用化肥的情况下提高茶叶产量、改善茶园土壤环境质量、减少环境污染,可以替代传统的种植模式。The green and ecological development of tea has been seriously restricted due to serious environmental problems such as water pollution and soil acidification caused by unreasonably frequent and excessive nitrogen(N)fertilization.The effects of chemical fertilizer reduction,straw mulching,living crop mulching(controlled by grass),biochar as the main soil conditioner,and organic fertilizer on the yield of tea and soil environment were investigated.The results showed that applying biochar increased the yield of tea and the content of soil organic matter(SOM),improved the soil fertility conditions,reduced the migration ability of nitrate N(NO3-N)and ammonium N(NH4-N)on the soil-water boundary,the loss of N and phosphorus(P)in the runoff water of tea garden,and the pollution of agricultural non-point source,and obtained better environmental benefits.The soluble total P accounted for 70%-92%of total P in the runoff water.The soil pH value increased in July,declined in September,and then increased in November.Generally,application of N fertilizer reduced soil pH value and accelerated soil acidification.The soil acidification was inhibited and soil pH was increased under no-tillage mulching(straw andliving crop mulching)and under the application of organic fertilizer and biochar as main soil conditioner.No-tillage mulching had obvious effects on controlling weed and reducing cost of manual weeding.All these results indicated that application of organic fertilizer,biochar as soil conditioner,and no-tillage mulching could improve tea yield and soil quality and reduce environmental pollution without fertilization,and could replace the traditional planting pattern.

关 键 词：种植技术 氮流失 磷流失 茶叶产量 土壤环境 

分 类 号：S147.2[农业科学—肥料学]