过鱼设施设计要点及有效性评价  

Design Points and Effectiveness Evaluation for Fish Passage

作　　者：侯轶群 蔡露[1] 陈小娟[1] 温静雅 贺达[1] 金瑶 陶江平[1] 赵先进 HOU Yiqun;CAI Lu;CHEN Xiaojuan;WEN Jingya;HE Da;JIN Yao;TAO Jiangping;ZHAO Xianjin(Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic-Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources,Institute of Hydroecology,Ministry of Water Resources and Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430079,China;Appraisal Center for Environment and Engineering,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Beijing 100012,China;Guizhou Survey/Design Research Institute for Water Resources and Hydropower,Guizhou Engineering Technology Research Center for Exploitation and Utilization for Water Resources in Karst Region,Guiyang 550002,China)

机构地区：[1]水利部中国科学院水工程生态研究所,水利部水工程生态效应与生态修复重点实验室,湖北省水生态保护与修复工程技术研究中心,湖北武汉430079 [2]生态环境部环境工程评估中心,北京100012 [3]贵州省水利水电勘测设计研究院,贵州省喀斯特地区水资源开发利用工程技术研究中心,贵州贵阳550002

出　　处：《环境影响评价》2020年第3期19-23,共5页Environmental Impact Assessment

基　　金：贵州省科技项目(黔科合重大专项字[2017]3005-5);国家自然科学基金(51609157)。

摘　　要：本文从过鱼设施的设计要点、现状和有效性评价、问题和展望四个方面进行梳理和论述。过鱼设施按组成结构划分为进口、主体结构、出口三部分。进口是过鱼设施的重中之重,设计主要以鱼类时空分布与环境响应因子、鱼类喜好的流速流态、鱼类的游泳能力等生物学指标为支撑,设计要点包括位置、结构、数量、运行水位等。主体结构生物学指标主要为鱼类的游泳能力,鱼类对紊流的响应指标,其中鱼道的设计要点有坡度、长度、流速和池室结构等;对于升鱼机、集运鱼系统而言,设置转运中避免出现机械损伤和应激反应措施为其设计要点。出口结构的设计要点为数量、运行水位、拦漂设施等。近年来,我国已经积累了一定数量的过鱼种类、数量、过鱼规律、过鱼效率等鱼道效果评价结果,但仍然存在效果监测未普及、支流过鱼设施未受到重视、生物指标体系不完善、下行过鱼设施缺乏等问题,建议环评部门尽快出台效果评价的技术标准或规范,开展基础生物学指标及下行过鱼设施研究,制订鱼类洄游通道恢复计划,进一步提高我国过鱼设施的技术水平。The knowledge of fish passage design points,status and efficiency,problems and prospects were demonstrated in this paper.By structure composition,a fish passage can be divided into inlet,main body and outlet.Inlet is the most important biological index such as fish spatiotemporal distribution in downstream of dam,water flow preferences,and swimming ability are important basis,and the design points for inlet are designing location,structure,number,operating water level and so on.The fish swimming ability and the response to turbulence are regarded as key biological index,used to support designing slope,length,velocity and pool size for fish way body.And the main bodies designing points of fish lift and fish trap-carry system is to avoid mechanical injury and physiological stress in transport operations.Lastly,in terms of outlet,the main designing points are number,operating water level,and debris guiding structure.In China,with the development of fish passage,there are some monitoring data such as fish species,quantity,and duration time which can be preliminary used to evaluate the effectiveness.But there is still some problem like as:short in monitoring,biological index;lack of fish passage in tributary and downstream type.We suggested that the operation management guideline should be published and monitoring equipment need to be installed uniformly throughout the nationwide,fish behaviour and downstream fish passage should to be studied,and fish migration plan can be work out as soon as possible,to meet the requirements of further development and improvement of fish passage.

关 键 词：过鱼设施 进口 主体结构 出口 有效性评价 

分 类 号：X826[环境科学与工程—环境工程]