权力下放与分离主义的内在逻辑——基于英国和西班牙五个地区的比较分析  

Devolution and Secessionism:A Comparative Analysis of Five Regions in Britain and Spain

作　　者：许川 Xu Chuan

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院,100872

出　　处：《国际政治研究》2020年第2期84-108,7,8,共27页The Journal of International Studies

摘　　要：分离主义是困扰英国和西班牙国家发展的重要问题。通过对英国的苏格兰、北爱尔兰和威尔士,以及西班牙的巴斯克和加泰罗尼亚等五个寻求分离的地区研究分析,可以看出,20世纪70年代,两国都试图通过权力下放来换取民族地区对国家主权与领土完整的支持,并做出了因地制宜的制度设计。但是,权力下放的制度安排不仅产生了不同的结果,而且产生了趋同的态势,即这些地区的双重认同或地方认同均在持续上涨。究其原因,是因为权力下放对政党政治及异质竞争释放出更大的活动空间:权力中心的扩增提供了更多的政治舞台,比例选举制度增强了政党的角色分量,选举的激烈程度强化了独特的互异标识。而民族主义势力要在新的政治格局中夺得一席之地,将会利用权力下放所营造的宽松环境和制度漏洞,提出异质属性和身份诉求等主张,以建构选举优势,进而推动分离。Secessionism has been a vital problem plaguing Britain and Spain.In the 1970 s,Britain and Spain attempted to use devolution to win the support of local ethnic minority groups for national sovereignty and territorial integrity.Both governments worked out policy solutions according to local conditions.However,the institutional arrangement of devolution not only produced different results but also resulted in a trend of convergence-dual identity or regional identity in ethnic minority areas is rapidly rising.The reason is that the devolution of power releases more space for party politics and heterogeneous political competition.For example,the expansion of political power to subnational governments provides more political arenas;the proportional election system enhances the role of political parties;and the competitive intensity of elections solidifies differing identities.In times of political uncertainties and transformations,nationalist forces will surely make use of the loosening environment and institutional loopholes created by devolution to put forward claims of heterogeneous attributes and local identity to gain electoral advantages and achieve secession.

关 键 词：政治学理论 分离主义 英国 西班牙 权力下放 政党政治 社会异质 

分 类 号：D756.1[政治法律—政治学] D755.1[政治法律—中外政治制度]