类型学视角下的名词谓语句考察  

A typological analysis on nominal sentences

作　　者：高航 Gao Hang

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学外国语学院,上海200234

出　　处：《外语教学》2020年第3期16-22,共7页Foreign Language Education

摘　　要：名词谓语句被国内学界普遍认为是汉语区别于英语等印欧语的显著特点。但是,这一观点需要更深入的论证。通过考察汉语和另外16种语言发现,名词谓语句在不同语言中的分布构成一个允准等级。这一构式在波斯语、普什图语、朝鲜语、日语、法语和英语等形态语言中没有得到允准,在土耳其语、希伯来语、阿拉伯语和俄语等形态语言中虽然得到允准,但存在不少限制条件。相比而言,名词谓语句在汉语和印尼语这类非形态语言中得到广泛的允准。这体现了非形态语言在语法设计上对空间概念的重视。Nominal sentences are considered by many Chinese grammarians to be a fundamental construction that distinguishes Chinese from Indo-European languages like English.However,this view needs to be supported by more evidence.By investigating Chinese and other 16 languages from different language families,we argue that the distribution of nominal sentences across those different languages constitute a hierarchy.This construction is not licensed in Persian,Pashto,Korean,Japanese,French or English,but is licensed in other inflected languages like Turkish,Hebrew,Arabic and Russian,though with some restrictions.By contrast,nominal sentences are widely distributed in non-inflected languages like Chinese and Indonesian.This indicates that non-inflected languages attach more importance to spatial conceptualization in the design of grammar.

关 键 词：类型学 名词谓语句 形态语言 非形态语言 汉语 

分 类 号：H030[语言文字—语言学]