畦灌与施肥时机对土壤硝态氮分布和冬小麦产量的影响  

Effects of border irrigation and fertilization timing on soil nitrate nitrogen distribution and winter wheat yield

作　　者：谷少委 高剑民 邓忠[1] 吕谋超[1] 刘杰云 宗洁[1] 秦京涛 范习超 Gu Shaowei;Gao Jianmin;Deng Zhong;Lyu Mouchao;Liu Jieyun;Zong Jie;Qin Jingtao;Fan Xichao(Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Farmland Irrigation Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Xinxiang 453002,China;Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;Tongyu River North Water Transmission Project Management Office,Lianyungang 222000,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所/农业农村部节水灌溉工程重点实验室,新乡453002 [2]中国农业科学院研究生院,北京100081 [3]连云港市通榆河北延送水工程管理处,连云港222000

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2020年第9期134-142,共9页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：中国农业科学院基本科研业务费所级统筹项目(FIRI2017-25,FIRI2018-04,FIRI2016-24);中国农业科学院农业科技国际合作研究项目(Y2019GH19)。

摘　　要：为探究不同畦田规格与施肥时机对土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N分布规律及对冬小麦产量的影响,优化选择具有较高灌水施肥均匀度和储氮效率及产量的最佳灌溉施肥模式,于2017-2018年在冬小麦季选取畦宽、畦长和施肥时机3个试验因素,传统撒施灌溉作为对照,通过正交试验设计设置12个处理。结果表明:1)与灌水前相比,灌水后各处理土壤不同层次NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度均增加,且随着土层深度的增加NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度逐渐降低。在液施处理下NO_(3)^(-)-N在有效根系层的累积较撒施处理高出0.27%~27.97%。2)畦宽、畦长和施肥时机显著影响NO_(3)^(-)-N的分布。在返青期,畦长对灌水施肥均匀度的贡献率最高,为91.64%;施肥时机对储氮效率的贡献率最高,为44.22%。在扬花期,畦长对灌水施肥均匀度的贡献率最高,为92.67%;畦宽对储氮效率的贡献率最高,为53.6%。在60 m畦长条件下可以获得较高的灌水施肥均匀度。3)畦宽、畦长和施肥时机对作物产量的贡献率分别为37.2%、37.3%和23.9%,畦宽3.2 m、畦长60 m和全程液施的处理下达到了最高产量,为7869.2 kg/hm^(2)。因此,液施可以提高土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N分布均匀性,有利于NO_(3)^(-)-N在小麦根系层的累积,减少氮素的淋溶损失;综合对土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N分布均匀性、积累及作物产量来看,畦宽3.2m、畦长60m和全程液施的处理为该研究处理下最优模式。In border irrigation,an optimal pattern is necessary for high irrigation and fertilization uniformity,nitrogen storage efficiency and crops yield.This paper aims to explore the effects of different border specifications and fertilization methods on the distribution of soil NO_(3)^(-)-N and the yield of winter wheat.Therefore,a field experiment was conducted in 2017-2018 at the winter wheat season.Three experimental factors were selected,including the border width of field(1.5,2.3,and 3.2 m),border length(40,60,and 80 m)and the fertilization timing(first half liquid fertilizer application,second half liquid fertilizer application,full liquid fertilizer application).Three factors were set by orthogonal experiment design,and twelve treatments were established,including three traditional broadcasting fertilization as control treatments(border width of 1.5,2.3 and 3.2 m at 80 m border length with spreading application).The content of soil NO_(3)^(-)-N,the uniformity of NO_(3)^(-)-N distribution,nitrogen storage efficiency and winter wheat yield were measured in this study.The results showed that the concentrations of soil NO_(3)^(-)-N increased in different soil layers after irrigation,compared with those before irrigation,while soil NO_(3)^(-)-N concentrations decreased with the increase of soil depth.In liquid application treatments,the accumulation of soil NO_(3)^(-)-N in the root layer was 0.27%-27.97%higher than that in the spreading application treatments.The border width,border length and fertilization timing all significantly determined the fertilization uniformity and storage efficiency of NO_(3)^(-)-N in border irrigation.In the wheat reviving stage,the contribution rate of border length to the uniformity of irrigation and fertilization was the maximum(91.64%),whereas the contribution rate of fertilization timing on nitrogen storage efficiency was the highest(44.2%).In the flowering stage,the border length and border width were the main factors that affected the uniformity of irrigation and fertilization,and

关 键 词：灌溉 施肥 土壤硝态氮 冬小麦产量 畦田规格 

分 类 号：S275.3[农业科学—农业水土工程]