普遍管辖权的司法适用——以美国为例  

The Application of Universal Jurisdiction in Judicial Practice --Take the United States as An Example

作　　者：王秀梅 Wang Xiu-mei(College for Criminal Law Science of Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学刑事法律科学研究院,北京100875

出　　处：《政法论丛》2020年第3期141-150,共10页Journal of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“构建中国特色境外追逃追赃国际合作法律机制研究”(项目号:17ZDA137)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：20世纪以来,普遍管辖权的运用得到国际社会的认同,且其适用范围逐渐从海盗罪向其他严重影响国际社会和全人类利益的犯罪拓展。为了实现正义,行为人无论是谁、在何地实施了严重国际犯罪都应受到审判。国家通过签署的国际公约以及各种源于国际性法律文件规定的义务适用普遍管辖权。各国关于普遍管辖权的立法与实践也不尽相同。美国从刑法上仅明确对酷刑罪适用普遍管辖权,进而通过《外国人侵权请求法》、相关的"长臂法案"和《海外反腐败法》等将普遍管辖延伸至民事领域以及除个人以外的公司,这种适用模式有损其他国的司法主权和利益。同时,因适用普遍管辖权不会选择适用的对象,美国公民也会受到其他国家适用普遍管辖权的指控。Since the 20 th century, the application of universal jurisdiction has been recognized by the international society, and its scope of application has gradually expanded from the crime of piracy to other crimes that seriously affect the interests of the international community and human beings. In order to achieve justice, the perpetratorswho committed serious international crimes, wherever they are and whoever they are, should be properly tried and punished. Universal jurisdiction is applied by States who has the obligations under international conventions to which States are parties, as well as follows the various international legal documents. Legislation and practice on universal jurisdiction vary from country to country. The United States has specifically applied universal jurisdiction to the crime of torture in criminal law, and thus extends universal jurisdiction to the field of civil cases and extends responsibility from individuals to companies through Alien Tort Claims Act, the relevant Long Arm Jurisdiction and the Foreign CorruptPracticesAct, which in some cases, underminethes the judicial sovereignty and interests of other countries. At the same time, because the application of universal jurisdiction does not choose the subject, United States citizens may also be subject to the application of universal jurisdiction by other States.

关 键 词：普遍管辖权 美国 立法 司法 

分 类 号：DF979[政治法律—国际法学]