情罪之衡:清律“二罪俱发以重论”司法观察  

The Balance between Facts and Punishments:Research on the Judicial Practice of“Er Zui Ju Fa Yi Zhong Lun”in the Qing Code

作　　者：姚宇 Yao Yu

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（法理学、法史学）》2019年第5期71-80,共10页JURISPRUDENCE AND HISTORY OF LAW

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“《大清律例》疑难条文及相关制度背景考论”(12BFX016)。

摘　　要：由于略轻治重的宽刑取向,有清一代,“二罪俱发以重论”的数罪并罚方式随律例体系的发展不断受到挑战,然而,律文的原则地位和立法模式的局限,使其在现实中仍有广阔的适用空间。通过分析刑部处理的15个案例可知,当数罪俱发而法无正条时,司法者并不固守“二罪从重”原则,而是根据案情,采取以重者论、比附他律、衡情量加等不同的处理方式。这些处理方式反映了在清代法制的框架下,“主者守文”与“情罪相符”两种传统司法价值在相关案件中的拉锯纠缠。从现实效果来看,数罪俱发案件的灵活处理,在平衡情罪关系、避免轻刑弊端的同时,也导致了刑罚畸重和判决缺失确定性等后果。Because of the characteristic of absolving lesser crimes,the provision of"Er Zui Ju Fa Yi Zhong Lun",which means punishment according to the heaviest crime under the cireumstance of multiple crimes,was constantly challenged and restricted with the development of legal system of the Qing Dynasty.However,its status as a general rule in the Qing Code and the limitation of legislation made the provision still applicable in many cases.By analyzing 15 cases handled by Ministry of Punishments,it could be found that when someone committed several crimes before being sentenced and there was no specific provision,the judge might have three different ways to handle the case:sentenced the criminal in accordance with the heaviest crime,took advantage of the system of comparison,and increased the punishment for the reason of equity.These different handlings reflected the interaction of formal justice and substantial justice,the two legal traditions in Chinese history.From the perspective of judicial ffect,the flexibility in these cases prevented the consequence of conniving at crimes by balaneing plot and penalty,while also led to the risk of excessive punishment and the lack of legal certainty.

关 键 词：二罪俱发以重论 清律 司法 比附 情罪相符 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]