氮肥用量及有机无机肥配比对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性及产量的影响  

Appropriate nitrogen fertilizer rate and organic N ratio for satisfactory photosynthesis and yield of maize in dry farming area of Longzhong,Gansu Province

作　　者：郭喜军 谢军红[1] 李玲玲[1] 王嘉男 康彩睿 彭正凯[1] 王进斌 Setorkwami Fudjoe 王林林 GUO Xi-Jun;XIE Jun-hong;LI Ling-ling;WANG Jia-nan;KANG Cai-rui;PENG Zheng-kai;WANG Jin-bin;Setorkwami Fudjoe;WANG Lin-lin(Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/Agronomy College,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2020年第5期806-816,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31761143004);甘肃省教育厅项目(2017C-12);“十二五”国家科技支撑计划(2015BAD22B04-3)。

摘　　要：【目的】甘肃省气候干旱,土壤肥力不高,玉米生产对化肥氮素的依赖性高。研究该地区适宜的氮肥投入量及有机无机肥比例,为该地区玉米生产可持续高产提供理论和技术依据。【方法】2016-2018年,在甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇的甘肃农业大学旱作农业综合实验站,以玉米品种先玉335为试材,进行了3年田间试验。共设9个氮素投入量和有机无机肥配比处理,T1处理为不施氮肥;T2~T6处理的施氮量均为200kg/hm^2,其中商品有机肥氮的替代比例依次为50.0%、37.5%、25.0%、12.5%、0%;T7处理的施氮量和商品有机肥氮替代比例分别为N 225 kg/hm^2和22.2%,T8处理分别为N 250 kg/hm^2和40.0%,T9处理分别为N 275kg/hm^2和54.5%。于拔节期、开花期和灌浆期测定玉米光合指标和干物质积累量,收获后测定产量及产量构成。【结果】相同施氮量下提高有机氮比例,玉米叶绿素含量和叶面积指数没有同步增加,光合效率没有明显增加。提高氮肥总施用量可显著提高叶面积指数和光合效率,增加玉米干物质积累量。相同施氮量下,有机无机肥配施处理(T2~T5)在开花期光合效率低于单施化肥处理(T6),但灌浆期干物质积累量与单施化肥处理(T6)差异不显著;成熟期有机氮替代比例为12.5%的T5处理干物质积累量较50.0%有机氮替代比例(T2)显著增加48.5%。相同施氮量下,增加有机氮比例提高了成熟期干物质向籽粒的分配率,以40.0%有机氮替代比例(T8)和50.0%有机氮替代比例(T2)的处理籽粒干物质分配率相对较高,其值分别为56.9%、56.0%,但40.0%有机氮替代比例(T8)的玉米产量低于单施化肥(T6)。在丰水年,增加施氮量(T7、T8和T9处理)不能显著增加玉米生物产量和籽粒产量,在等氮量(200 kg/hm^2)投入条件下,增加有机肥比例降低了生物产量,但没有显著降低籽粒产量;在干旱年份,有机氮替代比例为37.5%(T3)和50.0%(T2)的处理玉米籽粒产量【Objectives】Gansu Province is characterized with dry climate and low soil fertility.Thus maize production relies heavily on input of chemical fertilizers.We investigated the appropriate N input and ratio of organic N in maize production to provide a theoretical and technical basis for the sustainable and high-yield maize production in this area.【Methods】From 2016 to 2018,a field experiment,using maize cultivar of Xianyu 335,was carried out in the Dry Farming Comprehensive Agricultural Experimental Station of Gansu Agricultural University in Lijiapu Town,Dingxi City.There were 6 treatments in which the total N rate was all 200 kg/hm^2 with the organic N percentage of 50.0%,37.5%,25.0%,12.5%and 0%(expressed as T2,T3,T4,T5 and T6),and three increased N input treatments with N rate and contained organic N percentage of 225 kg/hm^2 and 22.2%(T7),250 kg/hm^2 and 40.0%(T8),and 275 kg/hm^2 and 54.5%(T9).At the same time,no N fertilization was used as control(T1).The photosynthetic index and dry matter accumulation were measured at jointing,tasseling and grain-filling stage,and the yield and yield composition were measured at maturing stage of maize.【Results】Under the same N rate,the higher percentage of organic N did not bring higher chlorophyll content and leaf area index of maize,and did not improve the photosynthetic efficiency significantly as well.While increasing the total N rate increased the leaf area index,photosynthetic efficiency and dry matter accumulation of maize.At the flowering stage,the photosynthetic efficiency in T2–T5 treatments was lower than that in T6,while at the grain filling stage,there was no significant difference of dry matter accumulation between organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer treatment and chemical fertilizer treatment under the same N application rate.At maturing stage,the dry matter allocation rate in grains in T8(organic N 40.0%)and T2(organic N 50.0%)were higher than those in the others,with the accumulation rate of 56.9%and 56.0%,respectively.However

关 键 词：玉米 有机肥 尿素 光合特性 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]