当代俄罗斯地方政治中的政党--角色变化及其原因(1992-2019年)  

Political Parties in Contemporary Russian Local Politics--Role Changes and Causes(1992-2019)

作　　者：聂俣诚 Nie Yucheng

机构地区：[1]复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院

出　　处：《俄罗斯研究》2020年第2期51-100,共50页Russian Studies

基　　金：中国社会科学院创新工程项目“欧亚地区战略态势(2019-2021)”的资助。

摘　　要：俄罗斯独立以来,政党在地方政治中经历了从边缘到尽管身处中心、却受中央政权规制的地位演变。叶利钦时期和普京第一任期,政党在地方政治中基本上没有发挥作用,处于十分边缘的地位。原因是当时地方政治中旧统治集团占据绝对优势的权力结构,以及由此形成的制度设计对政党功能造成了负面影响。普京第二任期开始,政党在地方政治中的作用发生了历史性的转变。政权通过制度设计,使政党在地方政治中发挥关键作用。但同时,真正能够在地方政治舞台上占有一席之地的是高度受控的统一俄罗斯党。这一过程基本完成于2004-2012年,并在普京第三任期得以延续。政党在地方政治中的角色转变,既是俄罗斯选举威权主义由地区性迈向全国性的原因,也是其结果。作为重构央地关系的手段,统俄党为整合地方精英、实现央地制度性互动搭建了平台,俄罗斯中央政权得以更为稳定地以地方精英拥有的政治和经济资源为自身服务,从而完成了全国性选举威权主义体制的建设。Since its independence, Russian political parties have undergone a status evolution in local politics from the fringe to a position regulated by the central government despite being at the center. During the Yeltsin period and Putin’s first term, political parties basically did not play any role in local politics and were quite marginal. It is because of the power structure where old ruling groups had absolute advantages in local politics, in addition to corresponding system design and negative impacts on functions of political parties. Since Putin’s second term began, the role of political parties in local politics has experienced historic transition. By means of system design, the regime enables political parties to play a key role in local politics. Nevertheless, meanwhile it is the highly-controlled United Russia Party that indeed has a place on the local political stage. This process was basically completed from 2004 till 2012, and continued during Putin’s third term. The role change of political parties in local politics is both the reason and result of Russian electoral authoritarianism moving from regional to national level. Through reconstructing the relationship between central and local governments, the United Russia Party has built a platform for integrating local elites and realizing institutional interaction between central and local governments. As a result, the Russian central government has been able to serve itself more stably with political and economic resources owned by local elites. The national electoral authoritarianism system has thus been built.

关 键 词：俄罗斯地方政治 俄罗斯地方选举 俄罗斯政党 统一俄罗斯党 

分 类 号：D751.2[政治法律—政治学]