城市防灾减灾规划中提升社区韧性的方法研究  

STUDY ON THE METHODS TO PROMOTE COMMUNITY RESILIENCE IN URBAN COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER PREVENTION AND REDUCTION PLANNING

作　　者：马超[1] 运迎霞[1] 马小淞 MA Chao;YUN Yingxia;MA Xiaosong

机构地区：[1]天津大学建筑学院 [2]西门菲莎大学教育学院

出　　处：《城市规划》2020年第6期65-72,共8页City Planning Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“基于智慧技术的滨海大城市安全策略与综合防灾措施研究”(批准号:13&ZD162)。

摘　　要：中国从1998年开始制定国家综合防灾减灾规划,以推进构建综合防灾减灾体系、全面增强综合防灾减灾能力。时下中国经济发展进入新常态,人口老龄化日趋严重,经济高速发展时期制定的防灾规划不能完全适应新的形势。笔者对防灾减灾规划中提升社区韧性的潜力和改善社区切性对防灾减灾规划执行效率的影响进行分析总结,提出通过4种方法来增强社区韧性:(1)对灾害发生时生存质量水平的构成要素进行评估,就灾中响应、灾后恢复、灾后复兴各阶段的受灾者需求进行划分,针对各时期维持生活环境不同层次的需求由低向高依次满足供给;(2)以智慧收缩为思路,通过减缓城市和乡镇周围住宅的无秩序扩张,保持居住范围控制在一定区域,加强人群之间的联系并排除区域外不必要的基础设施;(3)实行以易受到灾害袭击和较弱灾害4氏抗力社区的居民作为标的的巨灾保险,缩短以财政支持为主的救灾资金援建时间,提升生存质量水平;(4)设立若干以社区为单位的救灾中心。该救灾中心平时用作邻里支持和社区组织的场所,定期进行防灾演练,灾时作为避难场所分发救灾物资,并优先获得灾后信息及公共服务。China started formulating national comprehensive disaster prevention and reduction plan in 1998 in order to construct comprehensive disaster prevention and reduction system and reinforce comprehensive capacity on disaster prevention and reduction.With the increase of population scale and urban built-up area,city resilience encountered new challenges in the planning of disaster prevention,how to improve city resilience so as to reinforce disaster prevention and reduction capacity and efficiency of resuming after disaster are the key points of urban disaster prevention and reduction planming in the future,At present,Chinese economy entered into the“new normal”of low-speed development and populaion aging.thus,the disaster prevention plan formulated during economic upward period eannot lotally adapt to the new situation.By summarizing the disadvantages of former disaster handling and post-disaster reconstruction,this aricle proposed to cnhance post-disaster community resilience from the fllowing perspectives.(1)It is necessary to evaluate the components of the quality of life during disaster and to parition the victims'demands in each stage,such as in-disaster response,p0s1-disaster recowery and post-disaster renaissance,as to meet the hierarchical demands in the living enviromment in various periods.(2)Based on the concept of Smart Shrinkags,it is essential t0 keep residence within a certain area by slowing down the disordered expansion of residences around urban vllages,to reinforce relationship among people and decrease the infustnuctures that are buil outside the residenial district.(3)1t is imperative to introduce the calastrophe insurance aimed at the residents that are vulnerable to disasters or have weaker disaster resistance,in order to shorten the time of financial support orented al reconstuctio of relief fund and recover quality of life.(4)It is advisable to create several disaster support hubs according 1to city size and population density by taking community as unit,Usually,this disaster support bhu

关 键 词：防灾减灾规划 社区韧性 生存质量 智慧收缩 巨灾保险 救灾中心 

分 类 号：TU984.116[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]