独栋小楼还是公寓大厦?第二次世界大战后日本住宅形态的演变与启示  

A Single Building or an Apartment Building?The Evolution and Enlightenment of Japanese Housing Form after World War II

作　　者：张清勇[1] 年猛[2] 清水薰 ZHANG Qingyong;NIAN Meng;QING Shuixun(Renmin University,100872;Rural Development Institute,CASS,100732;University of Pittsburgh,15260)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院,100872 [2]中国社会科学院农村发展研究所,100732 [3]匹兹堡大学政治科学系,美国宾州匹兹堡市15260

出　　处：《财经智库》2020年第3期31-52,140,141,共24页Financial Minds

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)(13XNJ028)。

摘　　要：本文梳理相关文献和数据,分析第二次世界大战后日本住宅形态的演变过程,探讨其发展历程及理念、政策可为我国借鉴的方面。从住宅形态看,日本独栋住宅占九成以上,公寓不到一成;住独栋住宅的居民户数超过公寓;独栋住宅面积较大,公寓相对小得多;独栋住宅多为自家所有、自家居住,公寓多用于出租。从发展历程看,第二次世界大战后到20世纪90年代初,日本住宅开发以独栋为主,公寓也有所增加;地产泡沫之后,居民对于土地、住房是否是有利投资品的观念有所转变,加上人口、家庭结构和生活方式的变化,单身家庭、无子女的夫妇和老年夫妇占比不断上升,公寓的份额有所增加。影响日本住宅形态选择的主要因素是市场需求,政策没有明显的倾斜。与日本相比,我国城乡住宅建筑高层化、生活空间小区化的趋势明显。建议参考日本的经验,适度放开政策,让市场根据居民多样化的需求,提供更多元的选择。This paper surveys related literature and data,analyses the evolution process of Japanese housing form after World War II,and discusses the development process,ideas and policies that can be used for reference by China.From the perspective of residential form,Japanese single family houses takes more than 90%and apartments are less than 10%;the number of households living in single family houses exceeds that of apartments;the area of single family houses is large,and the apartments are relatively small;most of the single family houses are owned and lived by themselves,and the apartments are mostly used for rent.From the development process,from the World War II to the early 1990s,residential development was dominated by single family buildings.After the real estate bubble,residents changed their views on whether land and housing were benefi cial to investment goods,the population,family structure and lifestyle changed,the proportion of single families,childless couples and elderly couples increased.Therefore,the portion of apartments increased.The main factor affecting the choice of Japanese housing form is market demand,and the policy has no obvious inclination.Compared with Japan,the trend of high-rise residential buildings and small residential areas in urban and rural areas is obvious.It is suggested to refer to the experience of Japan,moderately liberalize policies,and let the market provide more diversifi ed choices according to the diversifi ed needs of residents.

关 键 词：日本 住房建设 土地制度 

分 类 号：R21[医药卫生—中医学] R31