游观入道:作为自我修行的女性朝山——以明清碧霞元君信仰为例  

Visiting,Viewing and Entering the Dao:The Pilgrimage of Bixia Yuanjun as a Way of Self-Cultivation for Women in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：鞠熙[1] JU Xi

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学社会学院,北京100875

出　　处：《民俗研究》2020年第4期125-138,159,160,共16页Folklore Studies

基　　金：北京市社科基金一般项目“北京村落传统文化与当代基层社会治理研究”(项目编号:16SRB013)的阶段性成果.

摘　　要：以碧霞元君为感召而形成的泰山与妙峰山两处朝山圣地是中国现代民俗学研究的重要问题。以往学者大多采用"结构-功能"视角,从社会机制上理解朝山进香的动机,要么将女性进香理解为家庭驱动,要么忽略了行动背后的意义系统。在"结构-功能"视角下,"拜神"被理解为即时性的人神交易,"游山"成了休闲娱乐或空间消费,"信仰"与"旅游"被置于动机的两端。但是,以碧霞元君为对象的朝山进香是有自己的"教义"文本的,这就是《天仙圣母源流泰山宝卷》,此宝卷将碧霞元君入山修行的历程作为朝香香客的模板与榜样,将行路、入山与观景视为女性个人修行的重要方法。游观山景以入道,这在中国有很长时间的传统,至明代中后期已经形成全社会高度共享的知识。《泰山宝卷》中以这种修行方式来吸引女性,回应了社会上长期以来存在的神圣性召唤,以此形成的女性个人主体性因此可以获得社会承认,并至少在清末北京社会中,影响了家庭关系、财产制度、社会心态乃至皇权政治。The two pilgrimage sites,Mount Tai and Mount Miaofeng,inspired by the great female deity Bixia Yuanjun,have been the focal of Chinese modern folkloristics for a long time.Most scholars in the past have adopted a“structural-functional”perspective to interpret people's motives of pilgrimage-making.In terms of social mechanism,the pilgrimage of a woman was either seen as a sacrifice for her family or was neglected the meaning system behind her behavior.In this perspective,worshipping the deity was understood as an immediate transaction between the god and the human,and the tour in the mountain was a kind of consumption in order to get tourist leisure.Faith and Tourism,the two motives of the pilgrims,were placed at the opposite sides.However,the baojuan text Taishan Precious Scroll of the Origins of the Celestial Immortal and the Holy Mother(Tianxian Shengmu yuanliu Taishan baojuan天仙圣母源流泰山宝卷),as the doctrine text for the pilgrimages of Bixia Yuanjun,has indicated that the ascetic practice of Bixia Yuanjun in Mount Tai was an excellent example of the women's self-cultivation.Following the instructions from the baojuan,women could get the Dao,by simply leaving their home,visiting the holy mountain and viewing the scenery,which was also a way with long history of practicing the Daoist religion.In the Ming and the Qing Dynasties,after the pilgrimages,the women fulfilled their“subjectification”process.With their new subjectivity,these women influenced the kinship system,the property regime,and even the imperial politics.

关 键 词：朝山进香 《天仙圣母源流泰山宝卷》 游观 主体化 

分 类 号：B933[哲学宗教—宗教学]