平成日本政治结构演变与参议院在国会中的作用转换  

The Evolution of Japan's Political Structure and the Transformation of the Role of the Senate in Congress in the Heisei Era

作　　者：王鹏飞 Wang Pengfei

机构地区：[1]天津师范大学历史文化学院,天津300387

出　　处：《日本研究》2020年第2期37-47,共11页Japan Studies

基　　金：2019年度天津市教委科研计划项目“战后日本政治的多数主义与自民党统治模式研究”(2019SK033)。

摘　　要：战后日本的国会制度采用两院制,由众议院和参议院组成,是国民主权下的最高权力机关和唯一立法机关。两院均由普选产生,犹如国之双目反映国民公意。参议院作为“再考之府”,对众议院以“民主多数决”原则下形成的法案,进行再审议,抑制盲目多数与政党偏私,在制度上具有相对独立性。然而,在“55年体制”时期由于自民党独占国会众参两院的多数议席,在党内事前审查制度下参议院一度沦为“众议院的附属品”丧失机能。平成时代以降,随着“55年体制”的瓦解与政治改革的推行,参议院的政治作用日益凸显,其运转经历了三个阶段:平成前期参议院的多党化格局与协商政治;平成中期参议院的执政党化重组与联立政权;平成后期参议院的在野党化与政权更迭。现今在安倍一强独大政治之下,作为“再考之府”的参议院正面临严峻考验。After World War II,Japan's parliamentary system adopted a bicameral system,consisting of the house of Representatives and the Senate.It is the highest authority and the only legislature under national sovereignty.Both the Senate and the House of representatives are elected by universal suffrage,just as the eyes of the state reflect the general will of the people.As the"government of re-examination",the Senate reconsiders the bill formed under the principle of"Democratic majority decision"in the House of Representatives,restrains blind majority and partiality of political parties,and has relative independence in system.However,during the"1955 system"period,the LDP monopolized the majority of seats in both Houses of Congress.Under the party's prior review system,the Senate was once reduced to"subsidiary of the House of Representatives"and lost its function.After the Heisei era,with the collapse of the"1955 system"and the implementation of political reform,The political role of the Senate is increasingly prominent,and its operation has gone through three stages:Multiparty structure and consultative politics of the Senate in the early period of Heisei Era;In the middle of the Heisei era,the ruling party reorganization and joint administration of the Senate;In the late period of Heisei era,the opposition of the Senate and the change of political power.Today,under Abe’s dominant politics,the Senate as the“Re-examination House”is facing a severe test.

关 键 词：平成时代 参议院 民主多数决 在野党 扭曲国会 

分 类 号：D521[政治法律—政治学] D73[政治法律—国际政治]