近代北京话与南京话:17-19世纪西士笔下的北南官话之争  

Premodern dialects of Beijing and Nanjing:Rivalry between the two major branches of Mandarin as described by Westerners during the 17-19th centuries

作　　者：姚小平[1] YAO Xiaoping

机构地区：[1]北京外国语大学外国语言研究所,北京

出　　处：《中国语文》2020年第4期498-509,512,共13页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：北京外国语大学双一流建设自主选题项目“万济国《官话词汇》考释”(批准号:YY19ZZA020).

摘　　要：有案可考的中西语言交通发端于晚明。欧洲传教士来华之始,遭遇的便是多样化的汉语,既要掌握通言暨官话,还须了解方言土语。而官话又分南、北两大支,南官话以南京话为基础,一度等同于正音,为社会认可的标准语,渐而则与崛起的北官话相对峙,彼此各有通行地域。以北京话为基础的北官话,因享有地缘优势,且受益于语言政策,最终得以胜出,是为现代普通话的前身。关于近代汉语通言如何由南官话逐渐转变为北官话,17-19世纪传教士及汉学家的著述中有实证有议论,可补中国本土文献记录之不足。When the European missionaries first came to China in the late 16th century,they encountered a language of rich diversity that even the accredited national standard form,the so-called Guanhua(Mandarin,literally“official language”),had split into two,i.e.the Nan-guanhua“Southern Mandarin”and the Bei-guanhua“Northern Mandarin”.Based upon the dialect of the ancient capital Nanjing,Nan-guanhua had enjoyed the status of royal pronunciation for centuries before the encounter with its biggest rival,the Bei-guanhua,which had been gaining ground ever since Beijing became the new capital during the mid-Ming Dynasty.The related descriptions and discussions given by F.Varo,R.Morrison,J.Edkins,and many others may provide us with a detailed and fascinating insight into the nature and progression of Chinese national language.

关 键 词：通言 方言 官话 

分 类 号：H1-09[语言文字—汉语]