意大利核不扩散政策与美意核合作  

Italy’s Nuclear Non-proliferation Policy and US-Italy Nuclear Cooperation

作　　者：江天骄 JIANG Tian-jiao

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学国际关系与公共事务学院,200083

出　　处：《史林》2020年第2期193-203,222,共12页Historical Review

摘　　要：意大利是不折不扣的核潜力国家,在冷战初期又面临严峻的国内外安全威胁,理论上应该谋求研发核武器。然而,意大利从冷战至今都坚持核不扩散的政策。通过对冷战史的梳理可以发现,美意核关系是维持意大利核不扩散的关键所在。美意核合作经历了从积极核分享到"多边核力量计划"再到核计划小组的转变过程。在艾森豪威尔政府时期,意大利通过大规模部署美国的战术核武器,并先后建立南欧特遣队、"双重钥匙"机制以及"北约核储备计划"等手段,从而间接获得了核武器。为了进一步扩大对核武器的控制权,美意围绕基于水面舰艇的联合舰队方案以及"多边核力量计划"展开合作。但由于肯尼迪政府收缩了核分享的政策,再加上西欧盟友的抵制,相关计划落空。美意核合作也转入低谷。为了安抚盟友,美国又及时抛出核磋商机制作为补偿手段,设立了北约核计划小组并安排意大利作为小组常任成员国。意大利通过核计划小组积极参与北约核武器使用原则的制定并对相关决策产生重要影响。正是这种柔性控制机制确保了美意核关系的长期稳定,也成为了意大利核不扩散政策的压舱石。As a potential nuclear state,Italy faced severe domestic and foreign security threats in the early cold war,and should theoretically seek to develop nuclear weapons.However,Italy had adhered to the non-proliferation policy.U.S.-Italy nuclear cooperation had undergone a shift from active nuclear sharing to"MLF"and then to the Nuclear Planning Group.Italy was actively involved in the development of NATO principles for the use of nuclear weapons through the Nuclear Planning Group and had important impact on decision-making.It was this flexible control mechanism that ensured the nuclear relationship between the United States and Italy,which became the ballast stone of Italian nuclear non-proliferation policy.

关 键 词：意大利核政策 美意核关系 核不扩散 

分 类 号：K546.5[历史地理—历史学]