中国文明起源中的巫及其角色演变  

Shamans and Their Changing Role in the Origin of Chinese Civilization

作　　者：李禹阶[1] Li Yujie

机构地区：[1]重庆师范大学历史与社会学院,重庆400047

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2020年第6期168-192,208,共26页Social Sciences in China

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“古代宗教与儒家本体论研究”(17BZJ009)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在中国史前社会复杂化进程中,主持宗教祭祀的巫大都为男性。他们既是氏族、部落中掌握神权、军权的首领,还是聚落秩序及原始道德的维护者及知识文化的掌握者。随着史前社会复杂化进程,巫师兼首领的贵族群体以神权和王权的力量,逐步占有并控制公共资源,由此促进了早期分层社会向早期国家的转型。随着颛顼宗教改革,原始宗教逐渐演变为等级化、家族化的“宗自为祀”的祭祀礼制。商周时,专门的巫师、贞人群体逐渐分化为巫、祝、卜、史等角色。女巫群体则从这时出现,而以女巫为牺牲以贿神、赂神成为一种专门职业。西周时期,传统“巫王合一”“巫政合一”中的巫师职能逐渐融入国家祭祀系统与朝廷礼乐制度,而民间巫、卜、医等则延续于乡里社会中,成为古代民间宗教的承载者。With the growing complexity of prehistoric Chinese society,it was mainly male shamans who presided over religious sacrifices.They were not only clan and tribal leaders who controlled divine and military power,but also the defenders of settlement order and primitive morality and masters of knowledge and culture.In the growing complexity of prehistoric society,the aristocratic groups led by shamans gradually took over and controlled public resources using the forces of theocracy and kingly authority,thus promoting the transformation from the early hierarchical society to the early state.With Zhuan Xu’s reform of religion,primitive religion gradually evolved into a hierarchical and familial ritual system within which each clan conducted its own sacrificial ceremonies.During the Shang and Zhou dynasties,specialist groups of shamans and augurs were gradually differentiated,with the appearance of shamans,augurs,soothsayers and historians.Female shamans as specialist occupation appeared at this time,and they were sacrificed as a bribe to the gods.During the Western Zhou,the traditional function of shamans in the“unity of shaman and king”and the“unity of shaman and government”were gradually integrated into the state sacrifice and court ritual and musical systems,while folk shamans,divination and medicine continued in rural society and became the carriers of ancient folk religion.

关 键 词：中国 文明起源 巫 角色演变 

分 类 号：B992.5[哲学宗教—宗教学]