论儒学“天本体”向“心本体”的内在嬗变——以禅宗对儒家心学形成的影响为线索  

On the Confucian Turn from Heaven to Mind as the Original Substance:Focusing on the Chan Influence on the Neo-Confucian Philosophy of the Mind

作　　者：孙海燕[1] Wang Xiaonong(译) Sun Haiyan(Institute of Philosophy and Religion at Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]广东省社会科学院哲学与宗教研究所,广东广州510635 [2]School of Foreign Languages at Ludong University

出　　处：《孔学堂》2020年第2期60-68,10057-10066,共19页Confucian Academy

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“多卷本《宋明理学史新编》”(项目批准号:17ZDA013)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：将传统儒学的“天本体”转化为“心本体”,是儒家心学的一大趋向。这一重大转变与宋明新儒家自觉不自觉的援禅入儒有关。禅宗的如来藏自性清净心思想,是心学家借以诠解孟子“本心”思想的重要资源。其中的关键是,禅宗静坐内观、明心见性的禅定之学,促成了心学家“体验未发”“发明本心”的心性工夫论,使他们在静坐体悟的神秘体验中领悟孟子“尽心知性知天”“万物皆备于我”之旨,进而影响到他们对宇宙本体的看法。儒家心学这一由“天本体”向“心本体”的内在嬗变,高扬了人心自觉自足的主体性,弱化了天地的客观实在性;彰显了儒学的内圣面,削减儒学的外王面;加强了儒学的宗教性,降低了儒学的智识性。Historically, the Neo-Confucian school of mind(xinxue) tended to substitute a theory of mind as the original substance for the traditional theory of giving that primacy to Heaven. The dynamic behind this significant turn was the Song–Ming Neo-Confucians’ conscious or unconscious borrowing from Chan Buddhism. The Chan tathāgatagarbha doctrine of the self-existent pure mind was an important resource for the xinxue interpretation of Mencius’ s concept of original mind. The Chan doctrine of understanding human nature and the mind by sitting still in meditative introspection inspired the xinxue philosophers’ with their theory of experiencing the unaroused state of mind and illumining the original mind, which exerted further influence on their ontological view of the cosmos. The inward turn of the Neo-Confucian philosophy of the mind from Heaven to the mind as the original substance highlighted human mind’s self-aware and self-contained subjectivity and weakens their commitment to the objective reality of Heaven and Earth, thus strengthening the role played in their thought by Confucian inner sageliness and its religious nature and downplaying Confucian outer kingliness and intellectuality.

关 键 词：儒家心学 天本体 心本体 禅宗 如来藏自性心 

分 类 号：B946.5[哲学宗教—宗教学] B222