中国独特的价格双轨制改革道路的成因——中华人民共和国成立70年回看历史的透视  

The Causes of China's Unique Double-Track Price System Reform:70 Years after the Founding of the People's Republic of China

作　　者：华生[1,2] 张宇[2] 汲铮 Hua Sheng;Zhang Yu;Ji Zheng

机构地区：[1]东南大学 [2]武汉大学董辅礽经济社会发展研究院,北京100083 [3]东南大学国家发展与政策研究院,北京100083

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2020年第4期14-29,共16页Researches in Chinese Economic History

摘　　要：所谓双轨或双轨制价格一般是指经济中同一种产品存在着计划价格和市场价格。迄今人们一般认为双轨制价格开始于1984年9月莫干山会议后的改革尝试。其实自中华人民共和国成立后,经历了建立计划经济即计划价格比重的不断扩大、市场价格范围不断缩小,后来又经历了从计划经济向社会主义市场经济的转变,在历史上本来就长期存在程度不同的双轨制价格形态。改革开放初期,价格市场化的产品品种和比重从边缘迅速扩大,从1981年开始,国家就积极采用20世纪60年代初尝试过的超计划定额高价的方式来调控经济和推动改革,因而在1984年莫干山会议时双轨多轨价格已成燎原之势。正是由于计划内双轨多轨制价格内生的后续扩张冲击,推动国家采纳了用因势利导、“放调结合”的方式推进价格改革的建议,使中国正式走上了独特的价格双轨制改革道路。但其中历经艰辛和反复,最后在1990年初清理整顿及中国向社会主义市场经济转轨后,意外地不用闯关就顺利过关。时至今日,在生产要素和若干公用事业产品和服务价格上,双轨价格还继续存在。回望70年历史,可以让我们对双轨制价格形成的历史和演变、对中国独辟蹊径的价格改革道路,有一个更加全面深刻的认识和评价。The so-called dual-track price or Double-track Pricing System generally refers to the existence of the planned price and the market price for the same product in the economy.So far,it is generally believed that the Double-track Pricing System began its reform attempt in the mid-1980s.In fact,since the founding of the People's Republic of China,due to the establishment of planned economy,that is the constant expansion of the proportion of planned price,the shrinking of the market price range,and the subsequent transformation from planned economy to socialist market economy,there has been a long history of double-track pricing patterns in varying degrees.In the early stage of reform and opening up,the variety and proportion of price marketization expanded rapidly from the edge.Since 1981,the state actively adopted the planned high-Double-track Pricing System tried in the early 1960s to regulate the economy and promote reform.It is precisely because of the endogenous expansion impact of the planned dual-track and multi-track price system that China has adopted the suggestion of advancing the price reform in a way of“Combining Release with Adjustment”in accordance with the situation,which has formally embarked on a unique path of the reform of the Double-track Pricing System.However,after many hardships and repetitions,it finally cleared and reorganized at the beginning of 1990 and China's transition to a socialist market economy,and successfully passed without breaking the barriers accidentally.Today,the Double-track Pricing System continues to exist in terms of factors of production and the prices of a number of public utilities products and services.Looking back over the past 70 years,we can have a more comprehensive and profound understanding and evaluation of the history and evolution of the formation of the Double-track Pricing System and the unique path of price reform in China.

关 键 词：双轨价格 计划双轨制价格 放调结合 价格双轨制 

分 类 号：F42[经济管理—产业经济]