明清幕府人事制度新探——以“幕宾”“幕友”“师爷”为例  

A New Discussion on the Personnel System of the Ming and Office of the Commanding Officer:Taking“Mubin”(幕宾),“Muyou”(幕友)and“Shiye”(师爷)as Examples

作　　者：陈宝良[1] CHEN Bao-liang(School of History and Culture,Southwest University,Chongqing,400715,China)

机构地区：[1]西南大学历史文化学院,重庆400715

出　　处：《史学集刊》2020年第4期33-47,共15页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“明代社会变迁时期生活质量研究”(15AZS006);西南大学2017年度中央高校基本科研业务专项资金创新团队项目“中国传统文化与经济及社会变迁研究”(SWU1709112)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：幕府与衙署,均属官府,却稍有差异。一至清代,幕府从临时开府转而变为专设衙署,总督、巡抚随之成为固定的地方大僚,幕府与衙署趋于合一。明清入幕之人,称谓众多。最为闻名者,当数“幕宾”“幕友”与“师爷”,通称“幕僚”,一身而兼具宾、友、师三重身份。明清私人聘请的幕宾,其职掌主要在于佐治、检吏两个层面。幕主与幕宾之间,是一种相互依凭的关系:幕主得幕宾之助以治事,幕宾得幕主之脩金以糊口。幕主与幕宾之间,是一种东翁与西宾之间的关系。Office of the commanding officer and Yamen belong to government,but there are subtle differences between the two.In the Qing Dynasty,the office of the commanding officer changed from a temporary opening mechanism to a special government office,Zongdu(总督)and Xunfu(巡抚)became fixed local bureaucrats,office of the commanding officer and Yamen tend to be unified.The people who joined the office of the commanding officer in Ming and Qing Dynasties have many titles.The most famous appellation is“Mubin”(幕宾),“Muyou”(幕友)and“Shiye”(师爷),commonly known as“Aides and staff”,which have three identities of guest,friend and teacher.In Ming and Qing Dynasties,the duties of the private aides were mainly to assist the management and inspect the officials.There is a kind of mutual dependence relationship between aides and staff and the master:the master can get the help of the aides and staff to govern affairs,and the aides and staff can get the help of the master to make a living.The relationship between the master and the aides and staff is mutual respect.

关 键 词：明清 幕府 幕宾 人事 

分 类 号：D691.4[政治法律—政治学] K248[政治法律—中外政治制度]