美国出口管制改革与实施  

The US Export Control Reform and Its Implementation

作　　者：池志培[1] 张晓洁 Chi Zhipei;Zhang Xiaojie(Institute of Defense Economics and Management,Central University of Finance and Economics)

机构地区：[1]中央财经大学国防经济与管理研究院

出　　处：《和平与发展》2020年第3期58-76,134,135,共21页Peace and Development

基　　金：北京高校高精尖学科“战略经济与军民融合”交叉学科(GJJ2019163)支持项目;中央财经大学双一流和特色发展引导学科专项(022959918005)资助。

摘　　要：随着中美经济竞争的加剧,美国的出口管制日益成为焦点。作为其维护其技术霸权的最重要工具之一,美国近年来对本国的出口管制制度进行了一系列改革,特别是2018年通过的《出口管制改革法》。该法为美国的两用品出口管制制度提供了永久法律基础,并特别增加了对新兴技术和基础性技术的管制要求。该法逆转了冷战以后出口管制总体逐渐宽松的趋势,而法律的改革内容主要针对中国,为中美之间的高科技贸易增加了新的阻碍。本文主要梳理该法的重点内容和特征,并就迄今的实施情况做一介绍。基于不同机构、个人对于新兴技术管制的实施条例的反馈,本文将系统分析美国实施新的出口管制法律所面临的制约因素并判断其未来趋势。As economic competition between China and the US is intensifying,export control of the US has more and more become a focus.In recent years,the US has made a series of reforms on its export control system,one of the major instruments to protect its technological hegemony,as seen particularly in the passing of the Export Control Reform Act in 2018.The Act has provided a permanent legal basis for American control on dual purpose exports,especially adding control requirements on exports of emerging technologies and basic technologies.This Act has reversed the trend that the US overall export control was relaxing in the wake of the Cold War,while the legal reform is mainly targeted at China,thus putting new obstacles to high-tech trade between China and the United States.This paper has sorted out the major features and contents of the Act,and also elaborated on its recent implementation.The authors have made a systematic analysis of the constraints facing the implementation of the new export control act by the US based on feedbacks from various institutions and individuals with regard to the export control clauses on emerging technologies in order to make a judgment on its future trends.

关 键 词：出口管制 战略竞争 新兴和基础性技术 美国政治 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]