近代早期英国的啤酒馆管制与治安法官的地方实践  

State Regulation of Alehouses and Enforcement of Justices of the Peace in Early Modern England

作　　者：初庆东[1] Chu Qingdong

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2020年第3期77-89,146,共14页World History

摘　　要：近代早期英国啤酒馆的数量急剧增加,民众酗酒风气日兴,贫困与犯罪问题愈益严重,这引起国家对啤酒馆引发社会失序与道德败坏的恐慌。为加强对啤酒馆的管制,国家出台一系列法令,授权治安法官决断啤酒馆许可证的颁发与惩罚违法啤酒馆经营者和顾客。治安法官作为中央与地方的连接枢纽,攸关国家管制啤酒馆法令的执行与成效。治安法官管制啤酒馆的地方实践表明,治安法官在综合考虑当地民众对啤酒馆的需求、啤酒馆经营者的财力与品行的基础上颁发啤酒馆许可证,同时严厉惩罚违法的啤酒馆经营者和顾客,基本上遵循国家管制啤酒馆的法令。这也表明,在啤酒馆管制问题上,以治安法官为代表的地方政府与中央政府达成共识,由此形塑了中央与地方之间妥协与合作的国家治理模式,为英国社会稳定转型提供条件。The number of alehouses increased greatly in early modern England,which caused popular drunkenness,worsening the problems of the poor and crime.The whole country was in a state of panic about disorder and demoralization.Accordingly,the state issued a series of statutes to regulate alehouses which empowered justices of the peace to give license for alehouse and punish the illegal alehouse-keepers and patrons.Justices of the peace were agents of the state and governors of the local society,and possessed the decisive power to enforce laws concerning alehouse regulation.According to the practices of justices of the peace,they issued licenses based on the requirements of local people,property of alehouse-keepers and their behaviour.Moreover,they punished illegal alehouse-keepers and patrons.Therefore,justices of the peace enforced the statutes of alehouse regulation generally.This also reflected that justices of the peace reached extensive consensus on alehouse regulation with the central government,and formed the pattern of state governance characterised by compromise and cooperation between centrality and locality.This pattern of state governance made state power diffused into the local society,which was vital for the social transition in early modern England.

关 键 词：英国史 啤酒馆管制 治安法官 国家治理 特许经营 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]