渭北旱塬苹果密植栽培模式对土壤水分的影响  

Effects of dense-planting pattern of apple on soil moisture in Weibei dry plateau

作　　者：白岗栓[1,2] 邹超煜 杜社妮[1,2] BAI Gangshuan;ZOU Chaoyu;DU Sheni(Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China;Ji’an Wetland Management Center,Ji’an 343000,Jiangxi,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [3]吉安市湿地管理中心,江西吉安343000

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）》2020年第3期308-318,共11页Journal of Zhejiang University:Agriculture and Life Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“黄土高原生态修复模式的格局-结构-功能关系”(2016YFC0501602);延安山仑院士工作站科研项目“黄土高原经济林(果)节水增效技术与绿色发展”(20181201)。

摘　　要：为了减轻渭北旱塬苹果栽培中土壤干燥化对苹果生产带来的不利影响,以盛果期乔砧密植园为对照,在萌芽前将相同树龄、相同产量的半矮化砧密植园和矮砧密植园0~300 cm土层的土壤水分调整成同一水平,定期监测不同密植栽培模式对不同土层土壤水分的影响,以便为该区域苹果栽培提供科学支撑。结果表明:矮砧密植园0~300 cm土层土壤水分高于半矮化砧密植园,半矮化砧密植园高于乔砧密植园,且从春季到秋季,不同果园土壤水分之间的差距逐渐增大。监测期(2016年3—11月)矮砧、半矮化砧和乔砧密植园的土壤水分蒸散量较同期降水量分别高出4.51、46.37和92.70 mm,生长期(2016年4—10月)分别高出-18.06、22.35和65.34 mm,说明乔砧密植加剧了果园土壤干燥化。矮砧、半矮化砧密植园的土壤水分利用效率较乔砧密植园分别提高了14.98%和9.58%。综上所述,矮砧密植、半矮化砧密植可减缓果园土壤干燥化,提高果园土壤水分利用效率,所以渭北旱塬应积极推广苹果矮砧、半矮化砧密植栽培。In order to reduce the adverse effects of soil desiccation on apple production and provide scientific support for apple cultivation in Weibei dry plateau,taking apple orchard with vigorous stock dense-planting in full bearing age as a control,the soil moisture contents of dwarfing stock and semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting orchards with same tree age and same fruit yields were adjusted to the same level in the 0-300 cm soil layer before germination stage,and the soil moisture contents in different soil layers in different orchards were monitored regularly.The result showed that the soil moisture content in the 0-300 cm soil layer in the dwarfing stock dense-planting orchard was higher than that in the semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting orchard,and that of in the semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting orchard was higher than that in the vigorous stock dense-planting orchard,and the gap between different orchards gradually increased from spring to autumn.The soil evapotranspiration of the dwarfing stock dense-planting,semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting and vigorous stock dense-planting orchards were 4.51,46.37 and 92.70 mm higher than that of the precipitation in the same period during the monitoring period(from March to November in 2016),respectively;as such,they were-18.06,22.35 and 65.34 mm higher during the growth period of apple trees(from April to October in 2016),respectively,which indicated that the vigorous stock dense-planting pattern increased the soil desiccation.The water use efficiency of dwarfing stock dense-planting and semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting orchards increased by 14.98%and 9.58%,respectively.In a sum,dwarfing stock dense-planting and semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting patterns could not only slow down the soil desiccation,but also could increase soil water use efficiency and production value,so dwarfing and semi-dwarfing stock dense-planting patterns should be popularized inWeibei dry plateau.

关 键 词：苹果 矮砧密植 半矮化砧密植 土壤水分 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学] S152.7[农业科学—园艺学]