新中国70年畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用演进  

The evolution of resource utilization of livestock and poultry breeding waste in the past 70 years since the founding of P.R.China

作　　者：陈秋红[1] 张宽 CHEN Qiu-hong;ZHANG Kuan(Rural Development Institute,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100732,China;University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(Graduate School),Beijing 102488,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院农村发展研究所,北京100732 [2]中国社会科学院大学(研究生院),北京102488

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2020年第6期166-176,共11页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“中国农村环境管理中的政府责任和公众参与机制研究”(批准号:15CGL039)。

摘　　要：基于速水-拉坦诱致性变迁理论,本文构建融畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用政策、技术和相关实践发展于一体的分析框架,探讨了新中国成立以来畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用实践的演进阶段以及相关技术发展和相关政策演变的规律,分析了目前存在的主要问题,进而提出了相关政策建议。研究表明,新中国成立以来,随着中国农村经济社会的发展,畜禽养殖在农村经济活动中的重要性有了很大程度的提高,劳动、生态资源等投入要素以及养殖废弃物的相对价格发生了变化,从而诱致了畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用的技术变迁。相关技术变迁的主要特征为:以沼气为纽带,走递进式的发展路径。随着相关技术的推广和应用,中国畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用实践经历了以下4个阶段:以传统厩肥处理方式为绝对主导的阶段、沼气发酵利用和厩肥处理并行阶段、以沼气利用方式为主导的阶段、沼气发酵技术完善以及处理方式多元化的阶段。从畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用相关政策的演变看,在要素价格变化、相关技术和实践的推动下,经历政策匮乏期、政策奠基期和政策发展期3个阶段,相关政策体系逐渐完善,可执行性逐渐增强,对畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用实践的调控更加规范,同时也逐渐接近保护环境、实现生态正义的目标。不过,目前畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用实践还存在着技术发展面临产业化困境、政策体系有待进一步完善等问题。应在以下方面采取措施予以完善:在标准化的基础上因地制宜地进行相关技术的推广和应用;协调相关政策,健全政府各部门间的沟通机制,完善相关行业标准;明确不同主体的责任,特别重视发挥养殖主体的作用,促使相关各方形成风险共担、利益共享的利益共同体。Based on the theory of induced technological and institutional innovation proposed by Hayami and Ruttan,this paper constructs an analysis framework integrating the development of policies,technologies and related practices of resource utilization of livestock and poultry breeding waste,discusses the evolution stages since the founding of the People's Republic of China,explores the rules of related technology development and the evolution of related policies,analyzes the main problems existing in corresponding aspects,and then puts forward relevant policy recommendations.This research shows that,since the founding of the People's Republic of China,with the development of rural economy and society,the importance of livestock and poultry breeding in rural economic activities has been greatly improved,and the relative prices of input factors such as labor,breeding waste and ecological resources in rural China have changed,thus leading to the technological innovation of resource utilization of livestock and poultry breeding waste.The main characteristic of relevant technology changes is taking a progressive development path with biogas as the core link.With the promotion and application of related technologies,the practice of resource utilization of livestock and poultry breeding waste in P.R.China has experienced the following four stages:the stage with traditional manure treatment as the absolutely dominant resource,the stage with biogas fermentation and manure treatment applied at the same time,the stage with biogas fermentation as the dominant method,and the stage with improved biogas fermentation technology and diversified treatment methods.From the perspective of the evolution of policies related to the resource utilization of livestock and poultry breeding waste,driven by the change of factor prices,relevant technologies and practices,the relevant policy system has been gradually improved and its implementation has been gradually enhanced in the three stages of policy scarcity,policy foundation and policy devel

关 键 词：养殖废弃物 畜禽 资源化利用 诱致性变迁 新中国成立70年 

分 类 号：F323.22[经济管理—产业经济]