青少年早期专项化训练学者共识  

Expert Consensus of Early Specialized Training in Adolescent

作　　者：李丹阳[1] 赵焕彬[2] 杨世勇[3] 李春雷 闫琪 史东林[6] 王雄[7] 尹晓峰[8] 牛雪松[9] 曹晓东[1] 李山[10] 李豪杰 孙君志[3] 史衍[12] 李赞[13] 戴剑松[14] 任占兵[15] 史兵[16] 张婧[16] 曲国洋[17] 甄志平[18] 刘俊一[19] 于亮[20] 裘鹏[21] 邹晓峰[21] 张利锋[3] 杜长亮[22] 黄彩华[23] 黄岩[24] 胡晓燕 张卫[26] 牛永刚[27] 马瑞[28] 张秀丽[29] 徐飞[30] 赵华[31] 李恩荆[31] 崔运坤[32] 黄森 黄信嘉 张琰 黄展煜 王川 Georgios Nassis 路文平 吕万刚[1] LI Danyang;ZHAO Huanbin;YANG Shiyong;LI Chunlei;YAN Qi;SHI Donglin;WANG Xiong;YIN Xiaofeng;NIU Xuesong;CHAO Xiaodong;LI Shan;LI Haojie;SUN Junzhi;SHI Yan;LI Zan;DAI jiansong;REN Zhanbing;SHI Bing;ZHANG Jing;QU Guoyang;ZHEN Zhiping;LIU Junyi;YU Liang;QIU Peng;ZOU Xiaofeng;ZHANG Lifeng;DU Changliang;HUANG Caihua;HUANG Yan;HU Xiaoyan;ZHANG Wei;NIU Yonggang;MA Rui;ZHANG Xiuli;XU Fei;ZHAO Hua;LI Enjing;CUI Yunkun;HUANG Sen;HUANG Xinjia;ZHANG Yan;HUANG Zhanyu;WANG Chuan;GEORGIOS Nassis;LU Wenping;LV Wangang(Wuhan Sport of University,Wuhan Hubei 430079;Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang Hebei 050020;Chengdu Sport University,Chengdu Sichuan 610041;Physical Training College of Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084;China Institute of Sports Science,Beijing 100061;Hebei Sport University,Shijiazhuang Hebei 050011;National Sports Training Center,Beijing 100061;Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science,Shanghai 200030;Shenyang Sport University,Shenyang Liaoning 110102;Xi'an Physical Education University,Xi'an Shanxi 710068;Jilin Sport University,Changchun Jilin 130022;Capital University of Physical Education and Sports,Beijing 100191;Tianjin Sport University,Tianjin 301617;Nanjing Sports Institute,Nanjing Jiangsu 210014;Shenzhen University,Shenzhen Guangdong 518061;Institute of Physical Education,Shanxi Normal University,Xi'an Shanxi 710062;Shandong Sport University,Jinan Shandong 250102;College of Physical Education and Sports,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875;Northeast Normal University School of Physical Education,Changchun Jilin 130021;Sport Science School,Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084;Jilin University,Changchun Jilin 130024;Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing Jiangsu 210016;Xiamen University of Technology,Xiamen Fujian 361024;Beijing Research Institute of Sport Science,Beijing 100075;Guangdong Vocational Institute of Sports,Guangzhou Guangdong 510663;Guangzhou Ploytechnic of Sports,Guangzhou Guangdong 510650;Anyang Normal University,Anyang Henan 455000;Shanghai Normal Univer

机构地区：[1]武汉体育学院,湖北武汉430079 [2]河北师范大学,河北石家庄050020 [3]成都体育学院,四川成都610041 [4]北京体育大学体能训练学院,北京100084 [5]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061 [6]河北体育学院,河北石家庄050011 [7]国家体育总局训练局,北京100061 [8]上海体育科学研究所,上海200030 [9]沈阳体育学院,辽宁沈阳110102 [10]西安体育学院,陕西西安710068 [11]吉林体育学院,吉林长春130022 [12]首都体育学院,北京100191 [13]天津体育学院,天津301617 [14]南京体育学院,江苏南京210014 [15]深圳大学,广东深圳518061 [16]陕西师范大学体育学院,陕西西安710062 [17]山东体育学院,山东济南250102 [18]北京师范大学体育与运动学院,北京100875 [19]东北师范大学体育学院,吉林长春130021 [20]北京体育大学运动人体科学学院,北京100084 [21]吉林大学,吉林长春130024 [22]南京航空航天大学,江苏南京210016 [23]厦门理工学院,福建厦门361024 [24]北京市体育科学研究所,北京100075 [25]广东体育职业技术学院,广东广州510663 [26]广州体育职业技术学院,广东广州510650 [27]安阳师范学院,河南安阳455000 [28]上海师范大学,上海200234 [29]华南师范大学,广东广州510631 [30]杭州师范大学,浙江杭州311121 [31]华中师范大学,湖北武汉430079 [32]泰山学院,山东泰安27100028 [33]湖南省体育科学研究所,湖南长沙410008 [34]特乐扩运动防护研究院,广东广州511442 [35]北京赫石体育文化发展有限公司,北京101300 [36]卡迪夫城市大学卡迪夫体育与健康科学学院,英国威尔士卡迪夫CF236XD [37]中康美复康复诊所,北京1000060 [38]南丹麦大学,丹麦欧登赛999017

出　　处：《成都体育学院学报》2020年第3期112-121,共10页Journal of Chengdu Sport University

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”专项(2018YFF0300904)。

摘　　要：青少年早期专项化训练(Early sport specialization,ESS)是关乎青少年竞技运动训练科学化的重要问题,也是国内外体育科学领域持续关注的热点问题。通过文献资料法,明晰青少年早期专项化的概念,梳理早期专项化的基本内涵,归纳青少年早期专项化训练的国际经验及可能导致的负面影响,提出青少年专项化训练科学化的应对之策。基于此,拟定如下学者共识:第一、青少年早期专项化训练是指在青春期之前围绕一个特定运动项目进行的高强度的训练;第二、尽管诸如体操、跳水等运动项目要求很早(6~9岁)进行专项化训练,但绝不能忽视早期专项化训练极易对动作技能学习、运动技能学习、体能训练科学化、长期职业生涯发展及身体健康等造成的不良影响;第三、对于大多数运动项目来说,青少年相对较晚的进行专项化训练、或早期进行多样化训练且在晚期进行高水平专项化训练,成年后在竞技体育领域获得成功的概率更高;第四、技术主导类项目可以在正确动作模式基础上开展早期专项化训练,训练过程中应高度关注动作质量,避免出现动作模式异常诱发运动损伤;第五、青少年专项训练科学化的根本在于建立集体能、技术、战术、心理、运动智商及人文素养于一体的训练体系;第六、青少年专项训练科学化的关键在于依据生理年龄和身体机能发育特征,强化青少年各个时期体能训练科学化;第七、青少年早期专项化训练的综合应对策略为:选择合适的早期专项化训练时机、构建青少年长期发展模型、强化青少年多样化训练、训练与监控充分结合,以及建立与年龄相适应的赛事体系;第八、倡导以健康和快乐作为青少年参与体育运动的价值导向,以培养终身体育素养作为青少年参与体育运动的根本目标。Early sports specialization(ESS) is an important issue related to the scientific training of young people’s competitive sports, and it is also a hot issue in the field of sports science internationally. Through the review of literature, the concept of early sports specialization is clarified, the basic connotation of early sports specialization is discussed, the international experience of early sports specialization training and its possible negative effects are summarized, and the coping strategies of scientific sports specialization training are put forward. There was consensus as follows: First, early special training for young people refers to the high intensity of training carried out around a specific sport before puberty;second, although such sports as gymnastics and diving require early specialized training, there must be no neglect of the adverse effects of early specialized training on motor skills learning, motor skills learning, scientific physical training, long-term career development and physical health;third,For most sports, young people are more likely to be successful in the field of competitive sports when they reach adulthood through relatively late specialized training or early diversified training and high-level specialized training;Forth,technical leading projects can carry out early special training on the basis of correct movement patterns, and should always pay close attention to the quality of action during the training process and avoid the emergence of different movement patterns;Fifth,the scientific basis of special training for young people lies in the establishment of a training system that integrates physical, technical, tactical, psychological ability, sports intelligence and humanistic literacy;Sixth, the key to scientific special training for young people lies in: strengthening the scientific physical training of young people in all periods according to their physiological age and physical function development;Seventh, comprehensive coping strategies of early-stage special t

关 键 词：早期专项化训练 多样化训练 青少年体能训练 青少年长期发展模型 

分 类 号：G804.22[文化科学—运动人体科学]