水氮互作对宁夏沙土春玉米产量与氮素吸收利用的影响  

Effects of Water and Nitrogen Fertilizer Supply on Yield and Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization Efficiency of Spring Maize in Sandy Soil Area in Ningxia

作　　者：严富来 张富仓[1] 范兴科[2] 王英 郭金金 张晨阳 YAN Fulai;ZHANG Fucang;FAN Xingke;WANG Ying;GUO Jinjin;ZHANG Chenyang(Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas,Ministry of Education,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2020年第7期283-293,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：“十二五”国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B05);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0403303);国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2011AA100504);教育部高等学校创新引智计划项目(B12007)。

摘　　要：为探明滴灌不同水氮调控对宁夏沙土地区春玉米生长、产量、氮素吸收和根区土壤硝态氮分布及残留量的影响,设计灌水和施氮2因素、3个灌水量水平(W0.6,0.6KcET0;W0.8,0.8KcET0;W1.0,KcET0,Kc为作物系数,ET0为潜在作物蒸发蒸腾量)和4个施氮量水平(N150,150 kg/hm^2;N225,225 kg/hm^2;N300,300 kg/hm^2;N375,375 kg/hm^2),进行了大田试验。结果表明:相同灌水条件下,春玉米地上部干物质累积速率和氮素累积速率(W0.8灌水水平除外)均随施氮量的增加先增加后减小。快增期内,W1.0N300处理的春玉米地上部干物质平均累积速率和W0.8N375处理的氮素平均累积速率最大,分别为513.71、2.75 kg/(hm^2·d)。春玉米地上部干物质累积量(W0.8N375除外)和产量随施氮量的增加先增加后减小,其中W0.8N300处理的产量最大,为16387 kg/hm^2。相比其他灌水处理,W0.8灌水水平下的营养器官氮素转运量较大,最大为41.14 kg/hm^2。随着灌水量和施氮量的增加,60~100 cm土层硝态氮累积量所占的比例逐渐增加,其中,W0.6灌水水平下,土壤残留的硝态氮主要聚集在0~60 cm土层中,W0.8灌水水平下,土壤残留的硝态氮主要聚集在0~90 cm土层中。考虑试验区年际降雨量分布不均,选取灌水量与有效降雨量之和为532 mm、施氮量300 kg/hm^2为宁夏沙土地区适宜的滴灌灌水施肥制度。Aiming to investigate the effects of fertigation on spring maize growth,yield,and nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency,soil NO-3-N distribution and residual amount in sandy soil area in Ningxia,to provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the irrigation and nitrogen management of spring maize in this area.The plot experiments were conducted with two factors of irrigation and nitrogen.There were three irrigation levels(W0.6,0.6KcET0;W0.8,0.8KcET0 and W1.0,KcET0,Kc was the crop coefficients,ET0 was the potential reference crops evapotranspiration)and four nitrogen levels(N150,150 kg/hm^2;N225,225 kg/hm^2;N300,300 kg/hm^2 and N375,375 kg/hm^2).The results showed that under the same irrigation levels,the dry matter accumulation rate,shoot biomass,yield,water use efficiency and nitrogen accumulation rate(except for W0.8 treatment)were increased at first,and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.The yield of W0.8N300 treatment was 16387 kg/hm^2,reached the maximum value.During the fast-growing period,the dry matter average accumulation rate of W1.0N300 and the nitrogen average accumulation rate of W0.8N375 treatment were the highest,which were 513.71 kg/(hm^2·d)and 2.75 kg/(hm^2·d),respectively.Compared with other irrigation treatments,the N remobilization of vegetative organs under W0.8 irrigation level was the highest,which was 84.67%.Both irrigation and nitrogen application amount were increased at the same time,and the soil NO-3-N residual amount was increased gradually in the 60~100 cm at the same time.At W0.6 and W0.8 irrigation levels,the soil NO-3-N residual amount was mainly concentrated in the 0~60 cm and 0~90 cm soil layers,respectively.Considering the uneven distribution of annual rainfall in Ningxia,the results suggested that it was an appropriate schedule for spring maize in this area when the sum of irrigation and effective rainfall amount was 532 mm and nitrogen application rate was 300 kg/hm^2.

关 键 词：春玉米 沙土地区 水氮互作 氮素累积 土壤硝态氮 滴灌 

分 类 号：S275.6[农业科学—农业水土工程] S513[农业科学—农业工程]