不同基肥处理对山原红壤土壤理化特性、酶活性及作物产量的影响  

Effects of different base fertilizer treatments on mountain red earth soil nutrition,enzyme activity,and crop yield

作　　者：周芸 李永梅[1] 范茂攀[1] 王自林[1] 徐智[1] 张丹[1] 赵吉霞 ZHOU Yun;LI Yongmei;FAN Maopan;WANG Zilin;XU Zhi;ZHANG Dan;ZHAO Jixia(College of Resources and Environment,Yunnan Agricultural University,Kunming 650000,China)

机构地区：[1]云南农业大学资源与环境学院,昆明650000

出　　处：《应用与环境生物学报》2020年第3期603-611,共9页Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology

基　　金：云南省重点研发专项课题(2018BB015-04);国家自然科学基金项目(41661063);云南省绿色食品国际合作研究中心项目(2019ZG00902-08);云南省教育厅基金项目(2019Y0097)资助。

摘　　要：采用完全随机区组设计,在等量养分供应条件下,以单施化肥(NPK)为对照,研究基施猪粪有机肥替代化肥的10%(M10)、20%(M20)、30%(M30)、40%(M40)4个比例对玉米不同生育期土壤养分变化及土壤酶活性的影响,为山原红壤化肥减施、有机培肥和作物增产提供科学依据.结果表明:随基施有机肥替代比例的增加土壤养分呈增加趋势,与NPK处理相比,M10处理土壤养分含量无显著变化;M20、M30、M40处理玉米拔节期至抽雄期土壤养分含量显著增加,成熟期土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量增幅分别高达7.10%-8.46%、24.18%-26.37%、13.00%-18.31%、12.43%-17.43%(P<0.05);与基肥处理前相比,M40处理土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别增加了2.64 g/kg、0.31 g/kg、15.36 mg/kg、3.96 mg/kg、16.09 g/kg.基施有机肥玉米生育期土壤转化酶、脲酶、磷酸酶总体上先增后降,转化酶、磷酸酶活性相对高峰为抽雄期,脲酶活性相对高峰为大喇叭口期,过氧化氢酶呈逐渐升高趋势;M40处理土壤转化酶、磷酸酶活性较高,由25.24 mg/g、0.262 mg/g分别增加到31.53 mg/g、0.328 mg/g,成熟期较NPK处理分别提高了80.54%、77.29%;而土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性M30处理最高,成熟期较NPK处理分别增加了11.25 mg/g、1.28mL/g.同时,M30、M40处理较NPK处理相比,玉米籽粒产量由6808.38kg/hm^2提高到7860.58 kg/hm^2和7463.66kg/hm^2,分别显著提高了15.45%、9.62%(P<0.05),且M30、M40差异不显著.多因素方差分析显示基肥处理和生育时期对有机质、全氮、有效磷、转化酶和磷酸酶有极显著的交互作用,而玉米产量与土壤养分和酶活性之间总体上呈显著或极显著正相关.本研究表明在山原红壤上进行基施有机肥替代化肥,短期内能改善与土壤碳、氮、磷循环密切相关的土壤酶活性,培肥土壤,提高作物产量,替代范围在30%-40%作用效果较好.The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of reducing fertilizer on yield and biochemical fertility of mountain red earth reclaimed soil.A randomized pot experiment was used to investigate the effects of replacing chemical fertilizer(NPK)with pig manure on nutrients and enzyme activity in soil at different stages of maize growth.Four replacement ratios were used(10%,M10;20%,M20;30%,M30;40%,M40)under equal nutrient supply conditions.The results showed that,compared with NPK treatment,there was no significant difference to soil nutrients during the four maize growth stages under M10 treatment.However,the soil nutrient content under M20,M30,and M40 treatments increased significantly from the tasseling stage to the mature stage.Soil organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium increased by 7.10%–8.46%,24.18%–26.37%,13.00%–18.31%,and 12.43%–17.43%(P<0.05)in the mature stage,respectively.As the proportion of organic fertilizer replacement was increased,soil nutrient content increased.Compared with the pre-basal fertilizer treatment,organic matter,total nitrogen,alkaline nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium in M40-treated soil increased by 2.64 g/kg,0.31 g/kg,15.36 mg/kg,3.96 mg/kg,and 16.09 g/kg,respectively.Activity of soil invertase,urease,and phosphatase under different treatments all initially increased and then decreased,with a relatively higher level of invertase and phosphatase activity in the tasseling stage and higher urease activity in the trumpet stage.Soil catalase activity gradually increased during the maize growing season.The M40 treatment resulted in the highest levels of invertase and phosphatase activity,increasing from 25.24 mg/g and 0.262 mg/g to 31.53 mg/g and 0.328 mg/g,respectively,and increasing by 80.54%and 77.29%,respectively,when compared with NPK treatment in the mature stage.Under M30 treatment,urease and catalase activity was the highest,increasing by 11.25 mg/g and 1.28 mL/g,respectively,compared with the NPK treatment i

关 键 词：基肥 山原红壤 玉米生育期 土壤肥力特性 产量 

分 类 号：S153[农业科学—土壤学] S154.2[农业科学—农业基础科学] S513