经济全球化视野下的近代对华海洋动物毛皮贸易  

Modern Maritime Fur Trade with China from the Perspective of Economic Globalization

作　　者：王华[1] Wang Hua

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学,北京102488

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2020年第4期15-35,211,共22页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“美国太平洋商业扩张与太平洋国家身份建构研究(1783-1900)”(18BSS016);中国社会科学院大学卓越学者支持计划“近代太平洋贸易与‘太平洋世界’的形成”。

摘　　要：北太平洋海洋动物毛皮贸易是1785年-1832年间出现在北美西北海岸和中国之间的特定贸易类型,它以海獭、海豹等海洋动物毛皮为主要货品,以美国贸易商主导的跨洋运销为路径,属兴起中的国际自由贸易条件下的转口贸易。该贸易以中国市场为中心,以欧美商业资本为核心驱动力,并以资本扩张性竞争条件下对资源的掠夺性开发为特征,经历了初兴和发展、鼎盛、平稳衰落、迅速消亡四个阶段。其骤兴与快速发展主要是奢侈性消费影响下中国传统市场需求和近代欧美资本的世界扩张相结合所导致,其衰落则首要归因于资源过度开发导致的资源消失。海洋动物毛皮贸易不仅对北美西北海岸地区和各贸易参与国家和地区产生了直接影响,而且造成了更宏观的经济政治影响:它是全球贸易网络的最后一块关键性拼板,北美太平洋海岸、夏威夷和中国之间直通贸易线的出现,以及新三角乃至多角贸易的形成,促进了近代世界贸易新体系的构建,推动了太平洋地区和世界经济政治的发展进程。From 1785 to 1832,the maritime fur trade on the North Pacific Ocean was a specific type of trade between North America’s northwestern coast and China with maritime furs such as otter and seal furs asmain items,the leading trans-oceanic distribution of American traders as the path,and transit internationaltrade under the condition of the rising international free trade as its nature.The trade was centered on theChinese market,driven by the commercial capital of Europe and America,and characterized by thepredatory exploitation of resources under the conditions of capital expansion competition.It experienced fourmain stages:initial growth and development,prosperity,steady decline,and rapid disappearing.Its suddenrise and rapid development attributed to the combination of traditional Chinese market demand under theinfluence of luxurious consumption and the world expansion of modern Euro-American capital.Its decline wasprimarily due to the disappearance of resources caused by over exploitation of resources.Maritime fur trade notonly caused direct changes on the northwestern coast of North America and the countries and regions involvedin trade,but also had more macro-economic and political impacts:As the last key panel of the global tradenetwork,the emergence of the direct trade line between the Pacific coast of North America,Hawaii,andChina,as well as the formation of new triangular or polygonal trade,promoted the construction of a newsystem of modern world trade,as well as the development of the Pacific and the world economy and politics.

关 键 词：海洋动物毛皮 美国对华贸易 太平洋贸易 近代世界贸易体系 

分 类 号：F749[经济管理—国际贸易] F752.9[经济管理—产业经济]