近250年新疆呼图壁河中下游河道演变及其影响因素分析  

The evolution of the middle and lower reaches of Hutobi River and its influencing factors over the past 250 years

作　　者：张莉 鲁思敏 Zhang Li;Lu Simin

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学西北历史环境与经济社会发展研究院

出　　处：《西域研究》2020年第3期80-93,171,共15页The Western Regions Studies

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“西北地区发展的历史经验研究”(项目编号:17JJD770012);国家自然科学基金项目“过去300年新疆平原区湖泊变化及其对气候变化的响应”(项目编号:41271159)阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：河流变迁的历史过程,是历史地理学研究的核心内容之一。随着史料的扩展和技术方法的推进,历史时期河流变迁过程的复原越来越精细化、量化和可视化。本文基于ArcGIS平台,建立呼图壁河中下游地区清代聚落信息数据库,结合历史文献记载、遥感影像、大比例尺地形图、野外考察和口述访谈,复原了近250年以来呼图壁河中下游河道及其渠道体系的空间变化过程。研究表明,18世纪中期至19世纪中期,呼图壁河中下游河道比较稳定,与三屯河汇合后注入玛纳斯湖,气候因素中的温度和降水状况均有利于径流量的增加,是这一时期河道稳定的主要影响因素;19世纪末20世纪初,呼图壁河流程缩短,芳草湖地区的开发引起了河水空间分布的变化,与这一时期偏低的温度综合作用,导致了河道的演变;20世纪50年代至今,大量河水被引入渠道,河道继续缩短,小海子水库以北河道几乎干涸,不利的气候因素下,水利工程技术、人口和耕地等人文因素主导了这一时期的河道演变。The historical process of river changes is one of the core contents of historical geography.With the expansion of historical documents and the advancement of techniques,the restoration of river course changes in historical period has become more and more refined,quantified and visualized.By using the ArcGIS program and combining historical documents,also with the remote sensing imagery,large-scale topographic maps,field observation,and interviewing local residents,this paper is to establish a database of the settlement pattens in the Qing dynasty along the middle and lower reaches of Hutobi river,and to reconstruct its spatial changes in its evolutional progress of the channel system over the past 250 years.The study shows that from the mid 18 th to mid 19 th century,the middle and lower reaches of the river were relatively stable,which joined with Santun River finally into Manas Lake.The climatic in both temperature and precipitation have facilitated the increase of runoff,which is the main reason of keeping river stabile in this period.Around the end of 19 th to the beginning of 20 th century,the river was shortened due to the comprehensive effect of low temperature and the exploitation on Fangcao Lake,leading to the evolution of the river.Since the 1950s,a large quantity of water have been brought into manmade canals and the river channel has been shorten constantly.As result,the Xiaohaizi reservoir in the north of the river is almost dry out.Adverse climate factors,hydraulic construction,populating and arable land exploitation combining with other humanity factors have primarily dominated the river evolution in this period.

关 键 词：河流变迁 呼图壁河 玛纳斯湖 芳草湖 河水空间分布 河道变迁 渠道 

分 类 号：K928.42[历史地理—人文地理学]