日本海洋环境污染法律责任制度及其借鉴意义  

Japan’s Marine Environmental Legal Liability System and Its Enlightenment to China

作　　者：赵向华 ZHAO Xianghua(School of Law and Public Administration,Jiangsu Ocean University,Lianyungang 222005,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏海洋大学法律与公共管理学院,江苏连云港222005

出　　处：《江苏海洋大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2020年第4期18-27,共10页Journal of Jiangsu Ocean University（Humanities & Social Sciences Edition）

基　　金：中国海洋发展研究会重点项目(16HYFZ[重点])。

摘　　要：《海洋污染与海上灾害防治法》是日本海洋环境污染法律责任制度的主要制定法基础,该法针对不同类型的海洋环境污染行为规定了相应的法律责任。将刑事责任规定为主要责任类型体现了制度设计者以最严格的责任形式为海洋环境保驾护航的立法意图;将海洋环境犯罪规定为危险犯对于防止海洋环境损害的发生发挥了重要作用;对专属经济区外国船舶的海洋环境犯罪仅规定罚金刑是对《联合国海洋法公约》义务的回应,彰显了日本海洋环境污染法律责任制度的国际化视野。日本经验对我国的启示在于:适当降低当前海洋环境污染法律责任制度对行政责任的过度依赖;通过设立危险犯形态的污染环境罪和明确规定专属经济区外国船舶海洋环境污染的刑事责任来增强当前制度的实效性;对专属经济区外国船舶海洋环境犯罪仅规定罚金刑,以此来保障切实履行《联合国海洋法公约》义务。Law on the Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution and Marine Disasters is the main legal basis for the legal liability system of marine environmental pollution in Japan,which stipulates the corresponding legal liability for different types of marine environmental pollution.The criminal liability as the main liability type reflects the legislative intention of the system designer to protect the marine environment in the most strict form of liability.The marine environment crime as a dangerous crime has played an important role in preventing the occurrence of marine environmental damage.It is a response to the obligations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea to provide only a fine for the marine environmental crimes committed by foreign ships in the exclusive economic zone,which shows the international vision of the legal liability system of marine environmental pollution in Japan.The enlightenment of Japan’s experience to China lies in:properly reducing the excessive dependence of the current legal liability system for marine environmental pollution on administrative liability;strengthening the effectiveness of the current system by establishing the crime of polluting the environment in the form of dangerous crime and clearly defining the criminal liability for marine environmental pollution of foreign ships in the exclusive economic zone;only providing the fine penalty for the marine environmental crime of foreign ships in the exclusive economic zone,in order to ensure the effective implementation of the obligations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea.

关 键 词：《海洋污染与海上灾害防治法》 《联合国海洋法公约》 海洋环境污染 法律责任 刑事责任 

分 类 号：D93.26[政治法律—法学] D93.313