从分布式形态学看“炒饭”类双音节名词性片段的性质与生成  

The Nature and Generation of Chao-fan‘Fried Rice’and Its Kin From the Perspective of Distributed Morphology

作　　者：邓盾 DENG Dun(Department of Languages and Literature,School of Humanities,Tsinghua University,30 Shuangqing Road,Haidian District,Beijing 100084)

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院中文系,北京市海淀区100084

出　　处：《当代语言学》2020年第3期335-347,共13页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：2018年度国家社科基金重大项目“生成语法的汉语研究与新时代汉语语法理论创新”(18ZDA291)的资助。

摘　　要：本文采用“分布式形态学”关于构词的理论假设和工具,探讨现代汉语里一类双音节名词性片段的性质和生成。这类片段定义为:前一个组成成分指称某种行为动作,后一个组成成分指称与前述行为动作相关的实体,片段整体指称某类人或物,如“炒饭、学生”。本文认为这类片段是复合名词(compound noun),其两个组成成分都是没有词类的词根(root),这两个词根进行合并得到一个复合词根,复合词根再与一个零形式的名词类提供者(n)合并生成一个复合名词。上述观点不仅可以很好地描写这类片段的性质与生成,还可以解释与这类片段相关的一些事实,比如“炒饭”具有歧义的现象。文章还利用上述观点简要比较和分析了汉英两种语言在这类片段上的差异。This paper investigates the nature and generation of a special kind of disyllabic/dimorphemic sequence in Mandarin Chinese using the theoretical apparatus of Distributed Morphology.Such a sequence,where the first morpheme denotes an event and the second denotes an entity related to the event,refers to a kind of entity which may be animate or inanimate.Typical examples include chao-fan‘fry-rice/fried rice’and xue-sheng‘study-young male/student’.A description of the facts is first provided.Given the freeness/boundness of the two morphemes in the sequence,there are in total four logical possibilities of combination to form such a sequence.Examples are provided to show that all the four possibilities are attested in the language.It is then pointed out that various types of semantic relationships can be identified between the two morphemes in the sequence,for instance,action-agent as in guan-zhong‘watch-crowd/audience’,action-theme as in shi-wu‘eat-thing/food’,action-result as in pin-tu‘put-together-picture/jigsaw puzzle’,action-instrument as in zheng-guo‘steam-wok/steamer’,and action-location as in su-she‘sleep-house/dorm’.Based on the empirical description,it is argued that all the cases of the sequence are compound nouns,which are generated by merging a null nominal categorizer n and a compound root formed by merging the two monosyllabic roots.It is shown how this proposal can account for the diverse semantic relationships between the two morphemes in the sequence.The proposal is also shown to be able to explain why some examples of the sequence are ambiguous between a nominal reading and a verbal reading.For instance,in addition to being able to refer to fried rice,the sequence chao-fan can also mean‘to fry rice’.It is argued that the sequence with the nominal reading is a compound as claimed by the proposal above,and that it is a VP with the verbal reading.The different syntax of the two readings makes a prediction about when the ambiguity will arise with an example of the sequence

关 键 词：分布式形态学 复合名词 结构歧义 汉英构词差异 

分 类 号：H146.2[语言文字—汉语]