小农经济理论与“内卷化”及“去内卷化”  

The Theory of Peasant Economy and“Involution”and“De-involution”

作　　者：黄宗智 Philip C.C.Huang(Institute for Advanced Historical and Social Research,Law School,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院历史与社会高等研究所

出　　处：《开放时代》2020年第4期125-139,M0007,共16页Open Times

摘　　要：今天,在笔者最初提出"内卷化"概念的35年之后,重访此课题,为的是更清晰简约地说明这个现象和小农经济理论的关联,同时,加上笔者关于中国农业经过近几十年的一定程度的"去内卷化"过程之后所凸显的演变机制和理论逻辑的研究。由于中国的小农经济乃是全球存在最长久和最大的小农经济体,也是"内卷化"程度最高的经济体,而其新近的演变,包括"去内卷化",又是最突出的小农经济现代化实例,足可更明晰地说明其中的原理和演变机制,并澄清其与西方从封建主义到资本主义经济历史经验的不同。更有进者,小农经济,不仅在中国也在众多其他发展中国家,乃是最近几十年在全球大规模兴起的"非正规经济"——根据国际劳工组织的定义,没有或少有法律保护和社会福利的劳动者所从事的经济活动——的主要来源,其从业人员数量如今已经达到大部分发展中国家城镇劳动力数量的一半到四分之三以上。非正规经济也和"小农经济"以及"内卷化"和"去内卷化"演变直接关联。目前,中国这方面的未来走向既充满疑问又充满希望。Today,35 years after this author first wrote about"involution,"and at a time when that term and concept have become commonly used by many people,revisiting that term is to try to explain more clearly and succinctly its meaning and also to add to it contributions made by other scholars as well as by this author’s own further research,including new research on the"de-involution"process of the past few decades in China,as well as analyses of the mechanisms and theoretical logics contained therein.Because China’s peasant economy has been the longest lasting and largest in the world,also its most highly"involuted"economic system,and its recent changes,including"de-involution,"make up the most dramatic example of the modernization of a peasant economy,its case serves to explain most clearly the principles and mechanisms of change,and shows just how different those are from the Western historical experience of transition from feudalism to capitalism.Furthermore,that peasant economy,not just in China but also many other developing countries,has been the source most recently of the rise globally of an enormous"informal economy"has led most recently to the rise globally of an enormous"informal economy"-according to the definition of the International Labor Organization,of labor that has little or no legal protection or benefits-now reaching one half to three quarters of all urban employment many developing countries.That too is directly connected to the"peasant economy"and its involution and de-involution background.At the moment,China’s future direction on this matter is at once full of uncertainties and of exciting promises.

关 键 词：内卷化 去内卷化 小农经济理论 非正规经济的兴起 未来的走向 

分 类 号：F323[经济管理—产业经济]